Dubai

Emirate of Dubai 

Emirate of Dubai (pronounced locally literary) is one of the emirates of the United Arab Emirates, Dubai is the second largest emirate in the Union after the Emirate of Abu Dhabi with an area of ​​4,114 km 2, which is equivalent to approximately 5% of the UAE space.

The number of 2.262 million residents of the emirate's largest Emirate populous in the UAE Federation of whom 214,000 citizens and the rest of the foreigners, equivalent to 9.5% of the total population. Dubai challenge each of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in the West and the emirate of Sharjah in the east, and is considered the economic capital of the United Arab Emirates, has evolved considerably over the past years. Free and active in the emirate's economy and the lack of a tax system played a major role in attracting investors from all over the world. The emirate of Dubai is located between Abu Dhabi and Sharjah.

Characterized by the emirate of Dubai that the economic income does not depend on oil revenues primarily unlike the rest of the Arab Gulf states, where Dubai's economy depends on trade, real estate, financial services and also on tourism. Oil and gas make up 6% of the total economy. Brought great economic and construction boom in the emirate of Dubai international fame to the world occupies a prominent place.

History

Al Fahidi Fort is the oldest building in Dubai, which was built in 1799, a new wing of the Dubai Museum

Directorate-Ras in Deira years sixties

We can say that the establishment of Dubai back to the thirties of the nineteenth century (particularly in 1833) [2] [3] when he settled nearly 800 people belonging to the Bani Yas tribe, led by the Al Maktoum at the creek area. The creek at the time is a natural port for the region, which later led to the emergence of Dubai as a hub for fishing and pearl trade.

With the beginning of the twentieth century was a popular port of Dubai, Dubai's total population was about 20,000 people, and the form of residents Menhm.obad the discovery of oil in the quarter 1966 rate, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, worked on oil imports and investment in infrastructure for the development of Dubai. So, the construction of schools, hospitals and roads. And laid the foundations of that period in modern communications network and transport, has also been in the custody of the construction of the building and the Port novice at Dubai International Airport has been the development of the runway to accommodate all types of aircraft. [4]

Geography

Climate

Dubai's climate is characterized by very hot. Summer in Dubai is extremely hot, and the wind is saturated with moisture, with high average temperatures during the day to 40 degrees (104 degrees Fahrenheit) and landing at night to about 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit). Most sunny days throughout the year. Winter warm with average temperatures 24 degrees Celsius (73 degrees Fahrenheit) during the day and 14 ° C (57 ° F) at night. However, it has been increasing in the last few decades of accumulated rainfall of up to 150 mm (5.91 inches) per year.

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Madrid

Madrid

Madrid (Spanish: Madrid) - continued Islamic renamed Arabic -mejry Algeled- and then turned to -mejrat [citation needed] the capital of the Kingdom of Spain and its largest city [1] has a population of 3.2 million inhabitants (January 2011), and up the population with the suburbs to 6.54 million people. Area of ​​the city 607 square kilometers (234 sq mi). [2] The city on the banks of the Manzanares River and is located in the center of Spain, Madrid is considered the fourth largest city in the European Union after Paris and London and Berlin. The headquarters of the Spanish government and the royal family and the country's most important companies and six public universities and many other higher education institutions. Madrid is considered one of the most important cities of Europe strategically, culturally and economically. It is the fourth largest city in terms of the number of tourists in Europe and the first in Spain and the total number of tourists who host city of nearly seven million tourists in 2006. It is the World Organization for International Tourism Exhibition headquarters and Tourism (FITUR).

It also includes the city Museo del Prado and Real Madrid soccer famous, as well as the seat of government, and the parliament of Spain, and the ministries, institutions and agencies, and how the official residence of the kings of Spain. [3] and Mayor Anna Botaaa centrist People's Party, the right of the party in the office of 2011.

Because of economic output, and standard of living, and market size, Madrid is considered a major financial center in the Iberian Peninsula, as found by the main headquarters for the vast majority of the largest Spanish companies, additional to that Madrid is the headquarters of the three major companies of the 100 largest companies in the world (Telefonica, Repsol - YPF, Endesa). [4]

Madrid possesses a modern infrastructure, has maintained the look and feel of many of the historic neighborhoods and streets. Madrid landmarks include the huge Royal Palace of Madrid and the Teatro Real (Royal Theatre) 1850 Opera House and Garden Bowen Retiro - founded in 1631 - and the library Aloutnah- which was founded in 1712 - and a group of historical archives in Spain. And three Museums of Art: Prado Museum, which contains one of the finest art collections in the world, and the National Museum of Queen Sofia Trade Center, and the Museum of Modern - Madrid Art, and the Museum Thyssen-Bornmistha. [5]

Madrid are located in the heart of Spain in the historical region of Castile and located the Sierra de Guadarama mountain range in the north west of the city, rising up the mountains of the Sierra de Guadarama to 2.429 meters above sea level in Benyyalara summit. And on the east valley Henares, through which the land routes and railways linking Madrid and Barcelona, ​​Zaragoza. And 50 km south of Madrid almost no ancient capital of the Kingdom of Castile and the mother city of Madrid is the city of Toledo.

Etymology

There are several theories as to why the origin of the name "Madrid". According to legend, the foundations of Madrid is Oknu Bijanor Ocno Bianor son of King Tarios Tyrrhenius of Tuscany, and the city of Mantua was Mitrokhirta "Metragirta" or "Mantua" name.

Some are likely to be the original name of the city Oursaraa "Ursaria" ("land of bears" in Latin), the high number of bears in the neighboring forests, tree with berries (in Spanish: madroño, Madru), symbol of the city from the Middle Ages. [6]

Now known that the origin of the name Madrid came from the second century BC, and was built in Romania Empire settlement on the banks of the Manzanares River. The first name of the village was matress "Matrice" the name of the river. After the invasions of Alsoyves Vandals and Teutons, and Alans during the fifth century AD, the Romanian Empire was unable to defend its territory in the Iberian Peninsula, and therefore dominated by Guth Western | Western Jawt.

Iberian and change the name Mejrat, from the Arabic term for the course and Roman Ibero-Oat sense of "place". Name the modern "Madrid" evolved from Madrid Almzarba Metrat Mozarabic "Matrit."In the seventh century, Muslims dominated the peninsula

History

Madrid is considered compared with other European capitals recent City, where traces its foundation to between 852 and 886 when ordered Muhammad first Emir of Cordoba built a small palace is located in the place of the royal palace present in Madrid, and this is the first historical record of the existence of stability in Madrid history of Islamic period. [7] and was founded for the purpose of making it a staging ground for raids against the Christian kingdoms in the north.

The surrounding area was named the "Mejrat" any sewer or water source. The place was inhabited by Muslims, a minority of Jews and Christians, and during this period the back of the mixing between the two Asami very similar places: European, matrice, meaning 'source', and other Arab, Majrà, meaning 'channel' or from the river. Both names refer to the abundance of streams and groundwater at the site.

Born in Madrid in the tenth century Muslim Abu al-Qasim bin Ahmed Elmejraiti who earned the nickname "Euclid Andalusian", the founder of astronomy and mathematics in Cordoba School. [8]

The transfer of the Spanish State Parliament in 1561, and later the residence of the king in 1588 from the city of Toledo to Madrid by Philip II. Madrid then considered the capital of Spain and began to grow and rise to take its place as the most important city in the country. Between 1701 and 1713 broke the Spanish Succession Wars, in which several European parties disputed rule on the eligibility of Spain after the death of King Charles II of Spain. Which dominated the British and Portuguese on the city in 1706 as the French dominated the Madrid between 1808 and 1813, while at the time of Joseph brother of Napoleon Bonaparte declared the king of Spain. The French demolished a number of churches and even entire neighborhoods of Madrid to impose their authority and to find a place to Mnciathm. The people of Madrid rebelled in the May 2, 1808 against the occupier and right after that most of the large Spanish cities. Crashes shops and official departments now in Madrid on this day to commemorate the revolution.

Between 1833 and 1876 broke Castilian wars and contributed to a cholera epidemic and the elimination of many of the residents of Madrid in the same period. First Republic in the country in the city, announced in 1873 by the dictator Emilio Castellar and later in 1923 by Gen. [Miguel Primo de Rivera. Announced the Second Republic in Madrid April 14, 1931. broke the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939 Madrid where under Republican control until March 28, 1939. It was contributed German and Italian warplanes to bomb it widely during the war, where he was the two countries support the nationalists led by General Franco against Republicans . Franco was able to impose its control over the city and the country, and he reigned until 1975 and Madrid in this period witnessed significant growth. Workers and students organized a series of strikes in the late sixties and early seventies.

Order Franco things after his death for the return of democratic life and the inauguration of King Juan Carlos I on the throne of the country, and actually it was in 1975 when Franco died. Some military officers organized a military coup called (23-P) in the February 23, 1981, which threatened to re-democratization of the political system of the Spanish process but soon things coup failed and returned to the course. Madrid announced in 1992 as the cultural capital of Europe.

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Cairo

Cairo

Cairo is the capital of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the most important cities at all, has a population of Cairo city of 7,787,000 people, according to 2007 statistics, representing 10.73% of the total population of Egypt, while the Greater Cairo's population of 20 million and a half people. Inhabited by more than a quarter of the population of Egypt's population of at home and abroad 91 million and 475 thousand and 426 people, according to census 2012 [1], and up population density to over 15 thousand people per square kilometer, and named after a historical name of the city of a thousand minarets of the many mosques.

Founded by several cities and to be the capital, the commander Muizz to open the Cairo after he founded the Fatimid state, has been the essence of Sicilian year 358 AH (969 AD) built a wall around the three cities and the designation of the three cities of Cairo, and includes the city of Cairo Fustat, founded by Amr ibn al-Aas year 20 AH, the city founded by the military in favor of Ben Ali Abbasi year 132 AH, and the city Alktaea founded by Ahmed Ibn Tulun in 256 AH, in addition to the neighborhoods that have occurred after the reign of Saladin, yet.

Cairo is the largest city in Africa and the most populous in Africa and the Middle East. It is the city of the province, that is, they occupy the entire area of ​​the province and one city, and at the same time a large city constitute the province alone. Despite being the largest city, but it is one of the smallest provinces of Egypt as mayor. There is also what is known as the Greater Cairo, a semi-official administrative entity includes in addition to the city / town of Giza governorate of Cairo and some of its suburbs and Shubra of Assiut governorate in addition to the former provinces of Helwan and Sixth of October

History

I knew the name of the Pharaonic era of the turnoff to the beautiful port city of the sun and its suburb (hieroglyphs: Online and in Greek: Heliopolis). And is the capital of unified Egypt since King Narmer alone since 3200 years BC. For different periods of time, but since the opening of the Arabs to Egypt led by Amr ibn al-Aas, a capital.

Night Portrait of Saladin Citadel in ancient Egypt

The city of Cairo from more Middle cities which accounted for writing and history where dubbed "Jewel of the East", since the age of Cairo more than a thousand years much, Vhoahid history confirms that the place of this city was the capital of Egypt for most of its history, in the extended across about 20 centuries Cairo was in the broad sense is the capital of Egypt, with some making Cairo the capital due to the year 98 AD, when the sons of Babylon, which are remnants still exist yet fort and when Amr ibn al-Aas came to open Egypt established a new capital Fustat near the fort, then established the city of the military that followed herds as the capital of the state Tulunid in Egypt, and Cairo has established in the era of the Fatimid Caliph al-Muizz, which still bears the same name until today.

Some famous names to Cairo: city of a thousand minarets (so called ancient travelers to the large number of mosques built in) and the city of Egypt unguarded and Islamic Cairo.

Geography

Cairo is located on the sides of the Nile River Islands in the north of Egypt, immediately southeast of the point where the Nile River valley and leaves confined to the desert divided into two branches in the Nile Delta region low.

The oldest part of the city is located east of the river. There, the city publishes the west gradually, and built this western part of the city of Paris model by the ruler of Egypt Khedive Ismail in the middle of the nineteenth century, which featured extensive neighborhoods, public parks, and open areas. The older eastern section of the city differed greatly after the expansion randomly over the centuries, and is filled with small roads and buildings crowded. While filled with western Cairo government by buildings and modern architecture, and became the most important part of Cairo, while the eastern half is which contains the city's history over the centuries because there its mosques and churches Vintage and buildings relics and ancient landmarks, with the knowledge that there Oriental expansions also after the ancient city and an example on the Nasr City district, which is considered one of the most important, the largest and most expensive neighborhoods in Cairo.

And comprehensive water systems also allowed the city eastward expansion into the desert, and there are bridges linking the Nile Islands Bashatrih east and west to Giza, and where there are many government buildings and offices of government officials, expressing bridges Nile is also a link to the city on the outskirts of Giza and Imbaba (part of Greater Cairo).

West Giza - in the desert - no part of Memphis, the ancient cemetery on the Giza plateau where the Pyramids of Giza and the three Sphinx, and just 11 miles (18 km) south of Cairo, the modern site of the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis and the cemetery adjacent to the Saqqara, and these cities, and other previous cities located anywhere Cairo City.

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London

London

 (It was further to Onders [2] and the scarcity and Nedra) is the capital of the United Kingdom and its largest city. Located on the River Thames in southern England. Live in the city of about 8.4 million people, of whom about 2.7 in London inner neighborhoods. With a population of 15,010,295 inhabitants with its suburbs in 2012, making it the largest city in the European Union (Europe without Russia and Turkey) and one of the most important political, economic and cultural centers. The form of the current administrative division of London on April 1, extension 1965 with the founding of the Great London. The city has a large number of universities, colleges, museums and theaters. Many international organizations and international companies of the city also headquartered, and specifically the original city «City of London» separately administered for most areas of the capital.

Areas of London

London is divided into a number of administrative regions called «London Boroughs» North London:

City of London (the original)

Barking and Dagenham

Barnet

Brent

Camden

Ealing

Enfield

Hackney

Hammersmith and Fulham

Harnga

Harrow

Havring

Hlinden

London Borough of Hounslow

Knzintn and Chelsea

Newham

Rdbrigg

Tower Hamlets

And Althm Forest

Westminster

South London:

Peixla

Bromley

Croydon

Greenwich

Kingston

Lambeth

Lewisham

Martin

Richmond

Sadhirk

Sutton

And Andzorth

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Paris

Paris

(in French: Paris) is the capital of France and the largest city in terms of population. Located on the banks of the Seine River in the northern part of the country in the heart of the Ile-de-France region. An estimated population of 2243833 in 2010 only within the administrative scope, while more than the population of the city with its suburbs, about 12 million people.

Paris has been an extremely important area for more than two thousand years [4], and with the beginning of the twelfth century, Paris became a European science, arts and the largest city in the Western world center until the early eighteenth century. Paris was the scene of many important throughout history, such as the French Revolution political events. At present, they are considered one of the largest of Iiother economic and cultural centers is important in politics, science, entertainment, media, fashion and the arts, making it one of the world's major cities. In 2011, the GDP of the city of 607 billion euros (845 billion dollars), one of the largest local outputs of the cities in the world. Paris is one of the world's leading tourist destinations and is the headquarters for most of the French companies.

Paris has a variety of museums, theaters and monuments that were built over the centuries, such as the Eiffel Tower and the Arc de Triomphe and the Louvre Museum and the Palace of Versailles. Paris is one of the largest art centers in the world, its proximity to a large number of museums, which includes paintings by leading international artists. The kitchen of the city's international reputation, where attracts chefs in the world. Includes Paris and its suburbs, the most prestigious French schools and universities, also contains the headquarters of the largest French newspapers, such as Le Monde, though Figaro and Liberation.

Paris is the headquarters of the club Paris Saint-Germain football, where there is also France stadium built to host the FIFA World Cup 1998. The city also hosts the tournament at Roland Garros Football Almdharb.taatmaz Paris diversity of transportation and quality. The city contains the two major international airports are Charles de Gaulle International Airport and Paris Orly. Paris Metro, who served in 1900- opened about 9 million passengers daily.

Population

Number of residents of Paris (1800-2008).

The number 2234105 residents of Paris, according to the statistics of 2009. [76] rose to 2243833 in 2010. [2] but it's still far away somewhat from the historical peak reached by the city's population in 1921, while the number reached more than 2.9 million people. [ 77] the most important factors that led to the decline in the population of the city was a significant drop in the Parisian family size, large immigration population that moved to the outskirts of the city in the sixties and seventies of the last century. For many reasons this migration most important decline in industrial activity and rising rental rates in the city. The decline in the number of residents of Paris and one of the largest of its kind between the cities of the world; Therefore, the city administration has sought hard to maintain the population of the French capital, and succeeded in doing so to some extent. Since July 2004, statistics showed a rise in the number of residents of the city for the first time since 1954, the rate of 2.1447 million people.

Paris is one of the more urban population density in the world. [78] The population density of the city without counting Gapti Bologna and Vansen 24 448 inhabitants / square km, according to the statistics of 1999 can not be compared to that figure, but with some major Asian cities, as well as Manhattan in New York . As with the calculation Algaptin, the population density will reach 20 169 inhabitants / square km. [76] Paris, making it the fifth-largest French municipalities intensity after Le Barre Saint Gervais, and Vincennes, and Levallois-Perry, San Mandi, note that all of these municipalities are located within the city limits .

In Paris population census in 1999, 19.4% of the population were born outside France. According to the same census, 4.2% of the population of metropolitan Paris area were immigrants novice (who emigrated between 1990-1999), mostly from Asia and Africa. Around 37% of immigrants living in France in the Paris region. [79] The first international wave of immigration began in Paris in the twenties of the nineteenth century with the arrival of German peasants fleeing from the agricultural crisis in their country. Followed by successive waves of immigration to this day represented by the Italians, the Jews of Central Europe who migrated during the nineteenth century. And then the Russians after the 1917 revolution, as well as Armenians fleeing massacres of Armenians carried out by the Ottoman Empire. [80] In the period of the First World War, thereby increasing the migration of the population of the colonies, and then the Poles in the interwar period. Followed by Spaniards and Italians and Portuguese and the inhabitants of North Africa from the fifties to the seventies of the last century. This was followed by a wave of migration of the Jews of North Africa after the independence of their country. Now the majority of immigrants from Asian and African. [81]

City of Paris is relatively young; Where, according to a survey in 2008, the proportion of the population aged less than 35 years 46%. [82], and thus higher than the national average of 41.8%. [83].

Economy

Paris is the President's economic hub in France. In 2011, the GDP was 670 billion euros (845 billion dollars), [92] and this will not be the richest regions of France, but also be the fifth largest city in the world in terms of GDP after Tokyo, New York and Los Angeles, and London; Paris, making it an engine of the global economy. If Paris was a state, was in seventeenth place in the list of the most powerful economies in the world, where the city is the largest of the Turkish economy and the Dutch economy, and asymptotic to the Indonesian economy. While the population of the Paris metropolitan area, representing 18.8% of the French population in 2011, [93], the GDP of the city, such as 31% of France output. [92] highly concentrated wealth in the outskirts of the western city, especially Neuilly-sur-Seine It is one of the richest areas of the country. [94]

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Moscow

Moscow

 (Russian: Москва, Moscow) is the capital of Russia's largest city in terms of population, and entities of the Russian Federation. Moscow politics, economy, culture and religion, finance, education and transport center in Russia, and is considered a global city. It is the seventh-largest city by population. Number of Muscovites (as of January 2010) 10,562,099 inhabitants. [1]

Located on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District in the European region of Russia. Moscow is located at the crossroads of three geological platforms. [2] Historically, the capital of the Soviet Union, and the Russian Empire (for three years from 1728 to 1730), Tsarist Russia, and the Grand Duchy of Moscow, a site Kremlin Moscow, a World Heritage Sites in the city, which serves Russian President as a home. Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) and the Russian government fall in the city as well.

Moscow is a major economic center. It contains many of the scientific and educational institutions, and many sports facilities Kzlk.fahi possesses a complex transport system includes four international airports, nine railway stations, and the subway system, the second busiest in the world (after Tokyo), which is famous for its architecture and works of art. Metro is one of the busiest subway operator of the individual in the world.

Over time, the city has gained a variety of aliases, mostly refers to its preeminent position in the life of the nation: Third Rome (Третий Рим), white rock (Белокаменная), the throne, the first (Первопрестольная), forty forty (Сорок Сороков).

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Satellite picture of the Moscow suburbs

Moscow city located on the outskirts of the Moscow River, which is going to more than five hundred Iklmitr through easy Eastern Europe in the middle of Russia. Forty-nine bridge cut in the river within the city limits, with many water Alqtawat. Muyco rise in the exhibition All-Russian Center, in the area where the most important branch of the weather observatory is located, is equivalent to 156 meters (512 feet). The highest point in the city are high Thblostansquia to rise 255 meters (837 feet). [14] show Moscow city from west to east equivalent to 39 g 7 kilometers (24 g 7 miles), and the length from north to south, equivalent to 51 g 7 Iklmitr (32.1 miles).

The road system in Moscow focused on the overall Akarmiln, in the heart of the city. There are ways of branching out to intersect with Daúaria ways ("shavings").

The first, and closer to the center and the main loop, Pulvarnuelh Coltso, who had his sons on the old site of the city wall of XVI, who was named Bilje Jurad century (White City). Alpulvarnuelh Kaltsu in fact not ring, it does not constitute a complete circle, but the arc that Fulbright grants from the Cathedral of Christ the Savior to Aauza River. Hear the road changed several times on his way into the city.

Preliminary second episode, which is located outside the ring Alpulvard, called Sadowsquiah Kaltsu (garden) loop. Such Alpulvard ring, ring the park take place on the old wall of the impact of the sixth century, which was the ten city. Episode III, the third episode of Transportation, work on it ended in 2003 as a way high-speed fast.

Transport fourth episode, fast another way, built at the present time in order to ease the traffic density. Beyond loop from the city center in Moscow city called Moscow ring road cars (Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога) which determines the approximate boundaries of the city. There are some roads outside the city who use the same sequence.

Architecture

Shukhov Tower in Moscow is currently under threat of demolition, and the tower at the top of the UNESCO list of buildings at risk, and there is an international campaign to save it.

High buildings in Moscow

Moscow Engineering universally known. Moscow is also famous as the location and the presence of St. Basil's Cathedral, with Kabbath a form of onions, and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and Alhqsqat seven.

For a long time, the appearance of the city was ruled by numerous Orthodox churches. City view change is large in the Soviet Aladhar, especially because of Joseph Stalin, who made a big effort to make a civilized city. He knew the city on a large main ways and methods, some of them more than ten rows, but a lot of important historical works of demolition at the same time. Tower Hucharev, and many luxury homes and shops that were on the edge of the roads, a lot of religious architecture, such as the Kazan Cathedral and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior has been demolished in the era of Stalin's rule. In the nineties Alkatdraúaatan been for their children again, despite the presence of a large amount of cash because of the high commissioning and lack of historical perspective. [19]

Architect Vladimir Shukhov was responsible for building a number of landmarks Moscow during the Soviet era early. Shukhov Tower was one of the towers is a hyperboloid designed by Huchrov, built between 1919 and 1922 tower sent to the Russian company to the media. Shukhov also left a lasting impact of the Russian Soviet. We have designed a large and long-sized stores, such as the Central Universal Store on Red Square, which Boukraún dam Maadanah innovative glass.

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Beijing

Beijing

 (Chinese: 北京 "northern capital", Arabic Khan historically fami [citation needed]) is the capital of the People's Republic of China is the largest cities in them. Beijing is considered one of the four central management of municipalities in the country (see Administrative divisions in China). The number of population of 14,580,000 inhabitants in 2003 Antrzah- -7.5 million in the urban area, and thus is the second most populous in China after the "Shanghai". The city is politics, culture, science and education center and is also the focus of transportation lines in the whole country. Of the city's "Forbidden City" and the Temple of Heaven landmarks. Beijing hosted the Olympic Games in 2008 and was the largest Olombeh games in history in terms of the participating countries and the budget for the games.

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Beijing is located in the northern tip of the North China Plain, extending the mountains in the west and the north and east, while in the south-east Vtenbst plains. Beijing prevails continental climate of the region moderate and vary the four seasons in clear contrast, a short spring and summer rainy and wet and bitterly cold winters and long, while the fall in Beijing is the best four seasons climate.

History
The history of the city of Beijing back to the "Western Zhou" Dynasty, and was known as "G". In the era of "Warring States", became the capital of the most powerful of these Almmmalc: "Jan". Declining political role beyond, it remained an important city and commercial center in northern China for more than a thousand years. Since the beginning of the 10th century, it became the capital of a second strain, "Liao" and became known as the "Yanjing."
Then regained its leading political role when taken by successive families to rule the country -gen, Yuan, Ming and Ching- its capital (years 1115 until 1911), except for the political role of Beijing, capital of culture has become, this period has left many of evidence. Like the Imperial Palace and adumbrate man in Beijing Zhoukoudian area, and the Summer Palace, Temple of Heaven and the thirteen tombs of the Ming Dynasty, UNESCO has listed all of these landmarks in the World Cultural Heritage List.
After the establishment of the People's Revolution of 1949, was taken "Beijing" official capital of the "People's Republic of China." I took the renewal and development of the movement to flourish in the city since the eighties of the twentieth century, and then increased the pace of modernization speed, showed the modern buildings, and other fast-intersecting roads. Today the city is trying to maintain its old features, and at the same time to show modern features.

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Rome or Rome 

(Italian: Roma) is the capital of Italy and the desert and major city in the country and the most populous with more than 2.7 million people scattered on the 1,285.3 km 2. The city is located in the west central part of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River in Italy's Lazio region.

Spans the history of Rome in two thousand and five hundred. The city was the capital of the Kingdom of Romania is one of the places the birth of Western civilization and the Republic of Romania and the Romanian Empire, which was dominant in Western Europe and the lands bordering the Mediterranean for more than 700 years since the strength of the first century BC to the seventh century. Since the first century AD and the Rome headquarters of the papacy, and after the end of Byzantine domination in the eighth century, became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. In 1871, Rome is the capital of the Kingdom of Italy became, and then the capital of the Italian Republic in 1946.

After the Middle Ages, the rule of Rome popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X, who transformed the city into one of the main centers of the Italian Renaissance along with Florence. [2] The current St. Peter's Basilica was built and decorated the Sistine Chapel at the hands of Michelangelo. Resided famous artists and architects, such as Bramante and Bernini and Raphael for some time in Rome, and contributed to the renaissance and baroque architecture.

Classified Rome by a search global cities network and globalization in 2010, a cosmopolitan city Beta degree +, [3] as well as being the city 28 in terms of global importance. [4] In 2007, Rome was the city's eleventh most visited in the world, and the third most visited in the European Union and more cities tourist attraction in Italy. [5] and one city of the most successful "," European labels both in terms of reputation or assets. [6] The historic city center is on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. [7] The monuments and museums such as the Museum The Vatican and the Colosseum are among the 50 most tourist destination to visit in the world (to receive the Vatican Museums 4.2 million tourists and the Colosseum four million tourists a year). [8] hosted the Rome Summer Olympic Games of 1960 is currently seeking to host the Summer Olympics in 2020. [9] [10]

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Rome is located in the Lazio region of central Italy on the Tiber (Italian: Tevere). Originally the settlement grew on the hills opposite the swamp near the Tiber island, the only natural swamp of the river in this region. Rome of the Kings was built on seven hills: Alffentinah and Alcalah and Alkapetulinih and Alaskillenah and Albalatynah and Alkerinalah and Alvimanalah. Modern Rome also crosses the river is another Anyena which flows into the Tiber north of the historic city center.

Although the city center is not more than 24 kilometers from the Tyrrhenian Sea, the city territory extends to the shore, where is located the south western district of Ostia. Central Section rise of Rome between 13 meters above sea level (at the base of the Pantheon) to 139 meters (at Monte Mario) summit. [39] covers the municipality of Rome a total area of ​​1,285 square kilometers, including many green areas.

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Tokyo

Tokyo

 (Japanese: 東京 means eastern capital) is the capital of Japan, located on the eastern side of the largest of the four islands to the mainland Japanese -hooncho-, and on the West Bank of the Bay of Tokyo, near the mouth of the Sumida River. Japan's capital since 1868, is today the political, economic and cultural center of the country.

Occupies the city of Tokyo metropolitan area area of ​​600 km²; composed of 23 alive (in Japanese: 区 = ku), and a population in which 12 million people. If we take into account the urban conglomerates nearby, the Tokyo is the largest urban agglomeration in the world, extending the urban fabric where uninterrupted occupies an area of ​​10,000 km², and includes more than 30 million people, including many of the adjacent small towns and three cities large: Yokohama, Kawasaki and Chiba and are all located east of Tokyo.

Urbanism

Tokyo is usually not renewed, and almost works which do not expire. Where officials did not adopt any of the urban plans, so it seems a diverse urban fabric, the city and show more grouping of small villages maintain their respective unique cryptographic, including a giant modern city. The major streets, which charted in the years 1950-1960 AD and modern buildings and the city's main interface, as is the old neighborhoods and small buildings, consisting of floor or two floors, temples, shrines and wooden buildings scattered across it. City offers its visitors a sight problem and is inconsistent mostly, where they coexist various architectural styles, materials and construction methods varied. Unlike some Maiatkdh, parks and green spaces in Tokyo large and spacious, both in the city center or on the banks of the Sumida River.

Many other activities are concentrated in Tokyo. Located where most government bodies, major local administrations, most banks largest Japanese companies and the headquarters. Tokyo occupies the first place in Japan in terms of the volume of trade exchanges, internal and external ones alike. Is an international financial center, and the Tokyo Stock Exchange is considered the second largest stock exchange in the world after the New York Stock Exchange.

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New York City

New York City

in English: New York) is the highest city in population density in the United States [1], and)

the city is the largest city in the state of New York in the United States and the most influential in various fields such as trade, finance, media, art, fashion, science and technology, education and entertainment, is also considered New York City one of the most important trade and financial centers in the world, they are economic capital of the United States to the large number of international companies and banks where, and there are United Nations Headquarters [2] and the stock market index and the Dow Jones Industrial Average. New York City is described as the cultural and economic capital of the world. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

Of the most famous neighborhoods: Manhattan and the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island. The famous street called Broadway, which held many theatrical performances from Central Park and one of the largest parks in the world.

The roots of New York City dating back to 1624 the year where it was created as a trading center by the settlers of the Dutch Republic, has been the new renamed Amsterdam in 1626. General [8] The city and surrounding areas and underwent to English control in 1664 and was renamed New York after the establishment of Charles II, King England to grant land to his brother, the Duke of York. [9] [10] New York

and was the capital of the United States from the year 1785 until 1790

New York has buildings of various architectural designs, where he designed in the form of boxes floor by or two floors and roof sloping wooden buildings there, and see this style of houses in the Brooklyn area dating back to the year 1656, as there are in the city with the design of buildings more modern Knatahat clouds characterized by by New York City and especially Manhattan, the Empire State Building is the tallest buildings of New York and the most important. Now under construction, the World Trade Center 1 which is known as the Freedom Tower at ground zero, which was established on the ruins of the World Trade Center after the events of September 11, 2001 area

Parks [edit]

There in New York nearly 28,000 acres (110 km 2) of parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches [11], and the New York parks: Central Park and Prospect Park and Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and Forest Park and Washington Square Park and Pelham Bay Park, which is New York's largest gardens with 

an area of ​​2,700 acres. [12]

New York's population consists mainly of immigrants throughout the ages, it is two hundred residents in 1626 the number of New Yorkers jumped to about a thousand years in 1656 following the arrival of the British, Germans and Scandinavians. In the year 1800 the population of 60,000 people stood and was mostly British, then flocked Between 1850 and 1860 the Germans and Irish in large numbers doubled the population 10 times, and at the end of the nineteenth century resulted in the influx of Eastern Europeans and Italians to figure doubled three times, and when the quota into law income Application to repel immigration during the twenties accept blacks on the city south of the United States in large numbers from reaching number 5.2 million residents, and in the year 1990 as the number of New Yorkers born abroad by 30% as a result of the influx of refugees south-east Asia and the Caribbean, Africa, South America and Central Islands ago sixties. [15]

Christianity is the predominant religion in the city and up the percentage of Christians around 63% of the city's population, [16] and come Romanian Catholic Church in the introduction to the Christian communities (36%), followed by Protestant churches (26%). [17] Judaism followed with nearly 1.1 million Jew (8%) lives in New York City, of whom more than half a million lives in Brooklyn. [18] [19] solves Islam in third place (2%) and range from the number of Muslims by various estimates between 600,000-1,000,000 people, is noteworthy that 10% of public school students in the city of Muslims. [20] There is the presence of the followers of Hinduism and Buddhism different religious groups in the city, as well as atheists and Adinyin who make up 19% of the city's population.

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