The pyramids of Egypt

The pyramids of Egypt

Stretching from Abu Rawash, Giza even Hawara on the outskirts of Fayoum. It is the ownership of buildings built by the ancient Egyptians in the period of 2630 BC. And until the year 1530 BC. Built a pyramid of Zoser graded Kahrm may be included (3630 BC --2 611 BC.) Saqqara pyramid drawn to the shape in the form of a pyramid of Giza Kohramat. King Khufu built the Great Pyramid property to go later life. In the Old Kingdom Old Kingdom (2585 BC --1 640 BC.) Was the Egyptian artists Anakecon hieroglyphics on the walls of the burial chamber of the Royal Mummy texts is followed by instructions and hymns in front of the gods and spells to guarded in its path beyond life. These texts known texts Ahram Pyramid Texts. During Azarethzh ancient kingdom of large pyramids were built of stone, but with time Say size. Because it was expensive.

For this we find in the Middle Kingdom Middle Kingdom (2630 BC --1 640 BC) was built with bricks of milky Tabn. The four-sided pyramids perpendicular with the original Gahat four cardinal directions (north, south, east and west) .omazm pyramids constructed desert west of the Nile, where the sun sets behind them. Because the ancient Egyptians believed that the soul of the deceased King left his body to travel the sky with the sun every day. When the sun sets west property belonging to her tomb pyramid Spirit to renew themselves. The tide vinegar Alohermat Alloa in the center of the northern side of the pyramid.

The rise of the Great Pyramid entrance 17 meters above the surface of the earth where the corridor leads down to the burial chamber of King. And change the design of the pyramids with time. But the entrance remained held on the north side of the lead for the corridor down to the bottom and sometimes leads to a room king's burial, which was constructed on the point in Herm.oahaana base was built adjacent rooms Room King Tkhozbn belongings and things that will be used in his eschatological including things Thmana.mma was presented to the looting and theft Center . The pyramid was built around a small temples and pyramids inside the temple priests and elders Ath.okan connected port quote from the Nile Beach and several related Guenoat.okan called the Valley Temple, which was connected by way of a long high pyramid-roofed and to walk in it. This was the road extends from the valley through the desert to lead the Mortuary temple called the Temple of the pyramid and was related to the eastern facade center of the pyramid, which was comprised of a group of pyramids, including the Pyramids of aftershocks and the Pyramids Almlkat.ccant these pyramids disciples small places for burial and did not know Srha.okan the statues represent the spirit of King . The Pyramids of small and simple queens and around the small temples were dedicated to the burial of his wives granulocytic him. Called the Pyramid of Khufu Great Pyramid is located where the desert west of Giza in Egypt and next to a pyramid of King Khafre (son of Cheops) and King Menkaure (grandson of Cheops) .ccant method of burial may have started from the tombs of the ancient Egyptians to the ancient pyramids between the year 2920 BC. To the year 2770 Q.m.omund year 2770 BC. -2649 BC Kings were buried in the town of Abydos in the graves of a brick walls above the terrace of Alrml.ovi the year 2649 BC. Until 2575q.m.kan kings buried under mud-brick terrace. But King Djoser, who ruled from the year 2630 BC. Until 2611 BC. Built his pyramid at Saqqara, which is a large deck area of ​​a square and topped with terraces graded space consisting Aaloha.o pyramid consists of 6 terraces. The architect designed the minister Amenhotep. Then he took the Kings build Massadobam of stones. The first pyramid was built real King Bent in the town Dhishor.oma Between 2465 Q.m.o 2323 BC. I took ownership of the pyramids built Aehtm well. In the era of the New Kingdom (1550 BC. BC -1070.) No longer kings buried in pyramids and tombs burial site were taken in the Valley of the Kings, where the new capital of Luxor (Thebes).

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Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal, India: ताज महल "crown palaces [1] Indian: ताज महल, from the Persian / Erdoah Taj Mahal" "[2] which is the tomb of wonderful-made, stylish architecture of white marble, no hate Bottar Pradesh, India. King built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (1630 - 1648) to include the remains of Wife Erjmend Banobiگm "third wife and know the place with excellent and passion that guide him in honor of her memory. The Taj Mahal distorted word about the name that she was carrying the princess, which is an excellent place. Develop design engineer known for Mr. Issa Shirazi and Amanullah Khan Shirazi. Constructed of white marble fetched Gdaabur on the terrace covered with white marble surface, and set up at every corner of the terrace minaret inconsistent parts height 37 m. Bdaúr surrounds each of them three balconies, and in the center of the terrace shrine rises in the quartet form, occupies the central part of the main building of the dome, and a diameter of 17 m. And a height of 22.5 m. And each of the four facades of the building is covered with a high entrance contract, and under the grand dome above the center of the building the tomb of Princess, and to the tomb of her husband, for his part, both decorated with inscriptions written. And is one of the most beautiful Islamic architecture style models where it is known widely as "the jewel of Islamic art in India and one of the immortal masterpieces in the world." [3]

Taj Mahal is considered by many the finest examples of Mughal architecture, a style that combines the Persian architect and Turkish and Ottoman-style Indian [4] [5].

In 1983, the Taj Mahal became a UNESCO World Heritage sites. While the dome marble white is the most famous in the Taj Mahal part, which is actually an integrated complex of structures, construction began around 1632 and was completed in about 1653, and the work of the thousands of artisans. [6] The construction of the Taj principal place to a group of architects under imperial supervision, including Abd al-Karim Khan Mamour, Makramat Khan and Professor Ahmad Lahori [7] [8] [9], which is the main designer. [10]

The shrine

Taj Mahal seen from the banks of the Yamuna River.

Views from the west at sunset.

The view from the mosque.

A reflection of the Taj Mahal.

The shrine is the focus of the entire complex at the Taj Mahal, the construction of the great white marble, which stands on a square base, consisting of a symmetrical building with Ewan (which is an arch-shaped entrance topped by a large dome which is the final result, like most Mughal tombs, the basic elements are originally a Persian. large base of the building necessarily, with cubic stones form and written off the edges, taken in a form-eight unique with dimensions estimated at five and fifty meters (180 feet) on each side of the long parties, each party there is a huge entrance convex shape, framed courtyard Location Batarin similar, with balconies and arched squeezed on both sides, the idea for the doors massive convex generalized on the edges written-off area, and that makes amphidiarthrodial and symmetrical design of each building facades, four minarets surrounding the tomb, one in each corner of the Chiefs face the edges of the write-offs, places sarcophagus to my grave Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan is real; because the real graves are located in the basement.

Is a domed marble which ascend the shrine of the coolest designs ever, rising an estimated five and thirty meters (115 feet) at the base extension itself, perched on several cylinders estimated seven meters (23 feet) high, because of the shape of the dome, it was called the dome onion or name Dome Jawafah, the highest dome decorated with lotus flower shape which gives the impression of high-rise, surrounded the dome with four small domes with side protrusions, and these domes is similar to the main dome in shape and design, paralytic polio, and placed in the corners of the building columns, rules, domes four high ceiling to supply the place with light , no long Towers (Gildastas) extending from the edges of the walls of the base to give a clearer view of the high dome, the idea of ​​a lotus flower shape repeated in the designs of the towers and the bumps in the four domes, it raised the main dome and four domes in the peaks, to give a common character in the design of the Persian and Hindu traditions.

The architectural decoration originally made of gold, but has been replaced by a copy of the bronze plated with gold in the early nineteenth century. This add-on is a clear example of the merger between the decoration elements of traditional Persian and Hindu and decking.

Overlies these ornaments Hilal limbs facing the sky is purely an Islamic banner. Because Crescent tapered top of the main site, the parties to Crescent with architectural decoration Almstdq head together form the shaft with three heads seem to signal to the traditional symbol of Hindu gods Shiva. [6]

Lighthouses show (minarets) and higher than 40 meters (130 feet) mi designed for parity. The minarets are designed -the essential element in Almsagd- to be effective minarets used muezzin to call them Muslims to prayer.

Divided every minaret actually into three equal parts Bashrvatan Ttoqan tower. At the top of the tower balcony surmounted by a dome winged design reflects the others on the shrine.

All domes winged elements involved in the decking are on a lotus flower shape topped with a gold-plated architectural decoration. Shortly lighthouses were built outside the boundaries of the shrine so that if it happened and fell lighthouses (and this established procedure for the high buildings then), the debris will fall away from the shrine.

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Amazon Forest

Amazon Forest

Amazon in Brazil is located in the continent is the Amazon lung forest land breathe through which they are the forest pristine continent Alomrakih.aijeri currently abused blatant on these forests where they are scraping and cutting unfair to trees and plants to be converted into highways, housing and cities not to mention the drug cultivation in the establishment of laboratories manufacturing and conversion of these drugs to be smuggled into the poisons all over the world through the dangerous gangs with the help of some of the rulers and the World dictatorships.

She is currently exposed to the risk, the scientists from Brazil and the United States said that Alajtthathat posed to the Amazon jungle larger than had been envisaged by about 60 percent.

And the team completed a study using more sophisticated than its predecessors based on satellite images, enabling him to capture human activities techniques did not monitor possible before

Traditional images did not show some aspects of the problem Kkon loggers choose high-value trees Khger mahogany.

Researchers have used the American Space Agency NASA resources. The study concluded that the areas that were destroyed from the rain forests in the Amazon between 1999 and 2002 more than expected in thousands of square kilometers.

The study also says that the amount of carbon generated by human activities in the Amazon, the largest at 25 percent, which is enough to contribute to global warming.

Brazilian officials praised the study for being highlighted on the selection of trees without the other, but they said that these figures hard to believe.

He claims to businessmen who take advantage of Amazon timber to cut trees and leave the other less harmful to the environment, but environmentalists say the attainment of high quality trees requires the construction of roads and bring in heavy equipment to the heart of the forest 2.

Also, the latest worst drought in more than 40 years, damage to the largest rainforest in the world and lit fires in the Amazon River Basin and wounded residents of areas bordering on the river because of disease contamination of drinking water has also led to the deaths of millions of fish due to drought tables.

He Donisvaldo Mendonca da Silva angler aged 33 years, "the terrible thing for us is that all these fish have died and when the water returns there will not be any of them."

Declared governor of the state of Amazonas state of crisis in the 16 municipalities where the impact of the ongoing drought two months ago, the residents of areas bordering on the river who can no longer find food or sell crops

And sheds some scientists blame on the degree of high ambient temperature due to global warming, which is also linked to a series of unusual destructive hurricanes of the United States and Central America hit recently.

Some scientists say that the high air in the north Atlantic, which fuels storms may cause air drop over theAmazon and prevent the formation of clouds and precipitation

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Rainforest

Rainforest

Rain forests are forests characterized by abundant rainfall, with determining the minimum standard definitions for annual rainfall between 1750 mm and 2000 mm. The rain by a large number of high-dominated forest trees usually warm weather, accompanied by copious rainfall to the extent of up to more than one inch per day with some rain forests.

Whereabouts

These forests are found in the tropics between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer, and the temperature increases in these areas as a result of the intensity of the sun out, these forests are also found in the continents of Africa from Cameroon to Republic of Congo, many South-East Asian regions of Myanmar to Andenossia New Guinea , north and east of the continent of Australia, Central and South America and some parts of the United States America. The Amazon basin is the largest in size in the world, and some of the country has vast tracts of them, such as:

The geographical distribution of rainforest around the world

Brazil

Democratic Republic of Congo

Peru

Indonesia

Colombia

Papua New Guinea

Venezuela

Bolivia

Mexico

Suriname

Bhutan

Population

Amazon River passes through the rainforest

Live rainforest different tribes, depend mainly on the conditions surrounding them for food, shelter and treatment, but may have been displaced, mostly because of colonialism or force governments to change their style of living.

Although affected by the civilized world around them, the Amazon remains the largest strongholds of these tribes so far, Most Americans Indians are still using traditional ways of fishing, gathering and harvesting of crops, such as bananas, cassava, rice, Kmaystkhaddmon modern like much, blood and metal pots means, also have a good knowledge of plants Medical suitable for the treatment of diseases.

Most indigenous forest peoples in Africa, so-called dwarfs, often taller than five feet, where their size Zial helps them to move freely through the woods no more.

The floor of the rainforest

Tree crown cover leaves remain on the ground, making it often dark and damp, and the forest floor decomposition process occurs, a process carried out by Alkaúnt analyst Kalaftriaat and microscopic organisms to divide and break down dead plants or animals, to re-configure the necessary foodstuffs.

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Sonora Desert

Sonora Desert

Sonora Desert is a desert located on the US-Mexican border occupies parts of California and Arizona in the United States and the Federated States of Sonora and Baja California and Sinaloa in Mexico, an area of ​​this desert more than 300 thousand square kilometers and lush plants, cactus, called this desert as well as the desert Allowatih Unlike the high desert for which is desert Mujev and also called desert generation rate Gila River.

This desert is divided into Dzein:

Big-called Colorado Desert

Little called desert days

And full of this desert environmental diversity where abounds including Arvo 60 species of mammals and 350 species of birds and 20 species of amphibians and more than a hundred creepy and also 30 indigenous species of fish, as well as two thousand original plant and the reason for this biodiversity is the abundance of rain on this desert Htolha where nearly 380 mL rate for each year, making it wetter deserts as a whole.

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Grand Desert Africa

Grand Desert Africa

Sahara is desert occupies the greater part of North Africa, the largest deserts warm in the world with an are

exceeds the 9 million square kilometers, and frequently oases presence in this desert Examples are oases of Kharga, Dakhla and Farafra and Siwa marine oasis in Egypt, as well as an oasis of Kufra and Jaghbub Libya Oasis Salah and Touggourt Algeria and frequently also by oil fields such as: El Alamein, Razzaq, Maliha, or blessing, Abu Gharadig Egypt and the hopes and Congratulations and Zaltan and Gallo and pit oasis in Libya and was appointed Amnas and Scorpio harsh and Hassi Messaoud and seven Reggane in Algeria.

The limits of this desert north Atlas mountain range which is about Celestine replay of the mountains Ihsran their range of high plateaus most famous plateau Ctoot Algeria and Alslstan fully to Tell Atlas north is desert and the Atlas desert south lies the Atlas mountain range north-west of the Sahara and there are also a set of sporadic mountains like Green Mountain, Libya and the mountains of Kordofan and Darfur, western Sudan.

This desert and includes a ten countries: Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, Chad, Mali, Niger, Eritrea and shove this desert world's longest river (Nile) Broalfdh They (the Damietta branch - Rosetta Branch - White Nile - Blue Nile - Atbara -allsoppat) as well as the Senegal River . And flanked the Sahara from the north-west of the mountain, the Mediterranean and the Green Mountain in Libya and the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and is considered the population Alibdarna area of ​​the most important people who have experience in the desert and walk them large sold in the definition of the most important milestones in them.

Covering 10 sub-Saharan countries is very vast tracts: Algeria, Libya

Egypt

Tunisia

Morocco

Mauritania

Financial

Sudan

Niger

Chad

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London

London

 (It was further to Onders [2] and the scarcity and Nedra) is the capital of the United Kingdom and its largest city. Located on the River Thames in southern England. Live in the city of about 8.4 million people, of whom about 2.7 in London inner neighborhoods. With a population of 15,010,295 inhabitants with its suburbs in 2012, making it the largest city in the European Union (Europe without Russia and Turkey) and one of the most important political, economic and cultural centers. The form of the current administrative division of London on April 1, extension 1965 with the founding of the Great London. The city has a large number of universities, colleges, museums and theaters. Many international organizations and international companies of the city also headquartered, and specifically the original city «City of London» separately administered for most areas of the capital.

Areas of London

London is divided into a number of administrative regions called «London Boroughs» North London:

City of London (the original)

Barking and Dagenham

Barnet

Brent

Camden

Ealing

Enfield

Hackney

Hammersmith and Fulham

Harnga

Harrow

Havring

Hlinden

London Borough of Hounslow

Knzintn and Chelsea

Newham

Rdbrigg

Tower Hamlets

And Althm Forest

Westminster

South London:

Peixla

Bromley

Croydon

Greenwich

Kingston

Lambeth

Lewisham

Martin

Richmond

Sadhirk

Sutton

And Andzorth

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Paris

Paris

(in French: Paris) is the capital of France and the largest city in terms of population. Located on the banks of the Seine River in the northern part of the country in the heart of the Ile-de-France region. An estimated population of 2243833 in 2010 only within the administrative scope, while more than the population of the city with its suburbs, about 12 million people.

Paris has been an extremely important area for more than two thousand years [4], and with the beginning of the twelfth century, Paris became a European science, arts and the largest city in the Western world center until the early eighteenth century. Paris was the scene of many important throughout history, such as the French Revolution political events. At present, they are considered one of the largest of Iiother economic and cultural centers is important in politics, science, entertainment, media, fashion and the arts, making it one of the world's major cities. In 2011, the GDP of the city of 607 billion euros (845 billion dollars), one of the largest local outputs of the cities in the world. Paris is one of the world's leading tourist destinations and is the headquarters for most of the French companies.

Paris has a variety of museums, theaters and monuments that were built over the centuries, such as the Eiffel Tower and the Arc de Triomphe and the Louvre Museum and the Palace of Versailles. Paris is one of the largest art centers in the world, its proximity to a large number of museums, which includes paintings by leading international artists. The kitchen of the city's international reputation, where attracts chefs in the world. Includes Paris and its suburbs, the most prestigious French schools and universities, also contains the headquarters of the largest French newspapers, such as Le Monde, though Figaro and Liberation.

Paris is the headquarters of the club Paris Saint-Germain football, where there is also France stadium built to host the FIFA World Cup 1998. The city also hosts the tournament at Roland Garros Football Almdharb.taatmaz Paris diversity of transportation and quality. The city contains the two major international airports are Charles de Gaulle International Airport and Paris Orly. Paris Metro, who served in 1900- opened about 9 million passengers daily.

Population

Number of residents of Paris (1800-2008).

The number 2234105 residents of Paris, according to the statistics of 2009. [76] rose to 2243833 in 2010. [2] but it's still far away somewhat from the historical peak reached by the city's population in 1921, while the number reached more than 2.9 million people. [ 77] the most important factors that led to the decline in the population of the city was a significant drop in the Parisian family size, large immigration population that moved to the outskirts of the city in the sixties and seventies of the last century. For many reasons this migration most important decline in industrial activity and rising rental rates in the city. The decline in the number of residents of Paris and one of the largest of its kind between the cities of the world; Therefore, the city administration has sought hard to maintain the population of the French capital, and succeeded in doing so to some extent. Since July 2004, statistics showed a rise in the number of residents of the city for the first time since 1954, the rate of 2.1447 million people.

Paris is one of the more urban population density in the world. [78] The population density of the city without counting Gapti Bologna and Vansen 24 448 inhabitants / square km, according to the statistics of 1999 can not be compared to that figure, but with some major Asian cities, as well as Manhattan in New York . As with the calculation Algaptin, the population density will reach 20 169 inhabitants / square km. [76] Paris, making it the fifth-largest French municipalities intensity after Le Barre Saint Gervais, and Vincennes, and Levallois-Perry, San Mandi, note that all of these municipalities are located within the city limits .

In Paris population census in 1999, 19.4% of the population were born outside France. According to the same census, 4.2% of the population of metropolitan Paris area were immigrants novice (who emigrated between 1990-1999), mostly from Asia and Africa. Around 37% of immigrants living in France in the Paris region. [79] The first international wave of immigration began in Paris in the twenties of the nineteenth century with the arrival of German peasants fleeing from the agricultural crisis in their country. Followed by successive waves of immigration to this day represented by the Italians, the Jews of Central Europe who migrated during the nineteenth century. And then the Russians after the 1917 revolution, as well as Armenians fleeing massacres of Armenians carried out by the Ottoman Empire. [80] In the period of the First World War, thereby increasing the migration of the population of the colonies, and then the Poles in the interwar period. Followed by Spaniards and Italians and Portuguese and the inhabitants of North Africa from the fifties to the seventies of the last century. This was followed by a wave of migration of the Jews of North Africa after the independence of their country. Now the majority of immigrants from Asian and African. [81]

City of Paris is relatively young; Where, according to a survey in 2008, the proportion of the population aged less than 35 years 46%. [82], and thus higher than the national average of 41.8%. [83].

Economy

Paris is the President's economic hub in France. In 2011, the GDP was 670 billion euros (845 billion dollars), [92] and this will not be the richest regions of France, but also be the fifth largest city in the world in terms of GDP after Tokyo, New York and Los Angeles, and London; Paris, making it an engine of the global economy. If Paris was a state, was in seventeenth place in the list of the most powerful economies in the world, where the city is the largest of the Turkish economy and the Dutch economy, and asymptotic to the Indonesian economy. While the population of the Paris metropolitan area, representing 18.8% of the French population in 2011, [93], the GDP of the city, such as 31% of France output. [92] highly concentrated wealth in the outskirts of the western city, especially Neuilly-sur-Seine It is one of the richest areas of the country. [94]

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New York City

New York City

in English: New York) is the highest city in population density in the United States [1], and)

the city is the largest city in the state of New York in the United States and the most influential in various fields such as trade, finance, media, art, fashion, science and technology, education and entertainment, is also considered New York City one of the most important trade and financial centers in the world, they are economic capital of the United States to the large number of international companies and banks where, and there are United Nations Headquarters [2] and the stock market index and the Dow Jones Industrial Average. New York City is described as the cultural and economic capital of the world. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

Of the most famous neighborhoods: Manhattan and the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island. The famous street called Broadway, which held many theatrical performances from Central Park and one of the largest parks in the world.

The roots of New York City dating back to 1624 the year where it was created as a trading center by the settlers of the Dutch Republic, has been the new renamed Amsterdam in 1626. General [8] The city and surrounding areas and underwent to English control in 1664 and was renamed New York after the establishment of Charles II, King England to grant land to his brother, the Duke of York. [9] [10] New York

and was the capital of the United States from the year 1785 until 1790

New York has buildings of various architectural designs, where he designed in the form of boxes floor by or two floors and roof sloping wooden buildings there, and see this style of houses in the Brooklyn area dating back to the year 1656, as there are in the city with the design of buildings more modern Knatahat clouds characterized by by New York City and especially Manhattan, the Empire State Building is the tallest buildings of New York and the most important. Now under construction, the World Trade Center 1 which is known as the Freedom Tower at ground zero, which was established on the ruins of the World Trade Center after the events of September 11, 2001 area

Parks [edit]

There in New York nearly 28,000 acres (110 km 2) of parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches [11], and the New York parks: Central Park and Prospect Park and Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and Forest Park and Washington Square Park and Pelham Bay Park, which is New York's largest gardens with 

an area of ​​2,700 acres. [12]

New York's population consists mainly of immigrants throughout the ages, it is two hundred residents in 1626 the number of New Yorkers jumped to about a thousand years in 1656 following the arrival of the British, Germans and Scandinavians. In the year 1800 the population of 60,000 people stood and was mostly British, then flocked Between 1850 and 1860 the Germans and Irish in large numbers doubled the population 10 times, and at the end of the nineteenth century resulted in the influx of Eastern Europeans and Italians to figure doubled three times, and when the quota into law income Application to repel immigration during the twenties accept blacks on the city south of the United States in large numbers from reaching number 5.2 million residents, and in the year 1990 as the number of New Yorkers born abroad by 30% as a result of the influx of refugees south-east Asia and the Caribbean, Africa, South America and Central Islands ago sixties. [15]

Christianity is the predominant religion in the city and up the percentage of Christians around 63% of the city's population, [16] and come Romanian Catholic Church in the introduction to the Christian communities (36%), followed by Protestant churches (26%). [17] Judaism followed with nearly 1.1 million Jew (8%) lives in New York City, of whom more than half a million lives in Brooklyn. [18] [19] solves Islam in third place (2%) and range from the number of Muslims by various estimates between 600,000-1,000,000 people, is noteworthy that 10% of public school students in the city of Muslims. [20] There is the presence of the followers of Hinduism and Buddhism different religious groups in the city, as well as atheists and Adinyin who make up 19% of the city's population.

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