The pyramids of Egypt

The pyramids of Egypt

Stretching from Abu Rawash, Giza even Hawara on the outskirts of Fayoum. It is the ownership of buildings built by the ancient Egyptians in the period of 2630 BC. And until the year 1530 BC. Built a pyramid of Zoser graded Kahrm may be included (3630 BC --2 611 BC.) Saqqara pyramid drawn to the shape in the form of a pyramid of Giza Kohramat. King Khufu built the Great Pyramid property to go later life. In the Old Kingdom Old Kingdom (2585 BC --1 640 BC.) Was the Egyptian artists Anakecon hieroglyphics on the walls of the burial chamber of the Royal Mummy texts is followed by instructions and hymns in front of the gods and spells to guarded in its path beyond life. These texts known texts Ahram Pyramid Texts. During Azarethzh ancient kingdom of large pyramids were built of stone, but with time Say size. Because it was expensive.

For this we find in the Middle Kingdom Middle Kingdom (2630 BC --1 640 BC) was built with bricks of milky Tabn. The four-sided pyramids perpendicular with the original Gahat four cardinal directions (north, south, east and west) .omazm pyramids constructed desert west of the Nile, where the sun sets behind them. Because the ancient Egyptians believed that the soul of the deceased King left his body to travel the sky with the sun every day. When the sun sets west property belonging to her tomb pyramid Spirit to renew themselves. The tide vinegar Alohermat Alloa in the center of the northern side of the pyramid.

The rise of the Great Pyramid entrance 17 meters above the surface of the earth where the corridor leads down to the burial chamber of King. And change the design of the pyramids with time. But the entrance remained held on the north side of the lead for the corridor down to the bottom and sometimes leads to a room king's burial, which was constructed on the point in Herm.oahaana base was built adjacent rooms Room King Tkhozbn belongings and things that will be used in his eschatological including things Thmana.mma was presented to the looting and theft Center . The pyramid was built around a small temples and pyramids inside the temple priests and elders Ath.okan connected port quote from the Nile Beach and several related Guenoat.okan called the Valley Temple, which was connected by way of a long high pyramid-roofed and to walk in it. This was the road extends from the valley through the desert to lead the Mortuary temple called the Temple of the pyramid and was related to the eastern facade center of the pyramid, which was comprised of a group of pyramids, including the Pyramids of aftershocks and the Pyramids Almlkat.ccant these pyramids disciples small places for burial and did not know Srha.okan the statues represent the spirit of King . The Pyramids of small and simple queens and around the small temples were dedicated to the burial of his wives granulocytic him. Called the Pyramid of Khufu Great Pyramid is located where the desert west of Giza in Egypt and next to a pyramid of King Khafre (son of Cheops) and King Menkaure (grandson of Cheops) .ccant method of burial may have started from the tombs of the ancient Egyptians to the ancient pyramids between the year 2920 BC. To the year 2770 Q.m.omund year 2770 BC. -2649 BC Kings were buried in the town of Abydos in the graves of a brick walls above the terrace of Alrml.ovi the year 2649 BC. Until 2575q.m.kan kings buried under mud-brick terrace. But King Djoser, who ruled from the year 2630 BC. Until 2611 BC. Built his pyramid at Saqqara, which is a large deck area of ​​a square and topped with terraces graded space consisting Aaloha.o pyramid consists of 6 terraces. The architect designed the minister Amenhotep. Then he took the Kings build Massadobam of stones. The first pyramid was built real King Bent in the town Dhishor.oma Between 2465 Q.m.o 2323 BC. I took ownership of the pyramids built Aehtm well. In the era of the New Kingdom (1550 BC. BC -1070.) No longer kings buried in pyramids and tombs burial site were taken in the Valley of the Kings, where the new capital of Luxor (Thebes).

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Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal, India: ताज महल "crown palaces [1] Indian: ताज महल, from the Persian / Erdoah Taj Mahal" "[2] which is the tomb of wonderful-made, stylish architecture of white marble, no hate Bottar Pradesh, India. King built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (1630 - 1648) to include the remains of Wife Erjmend Banobiگm "third wife and know the place with excellent and passion that guide him in honor of her memory. The Taj Mahal distorted word about the name that she was carrying the princess, which is an excellent place. Develop design engineer known for Mr. Issa Shirazi and Amanullah Khan Shirazi. Constructed of white marble fetched Gdaabur on the terrace covered with white marble surface, and set up at every corner of the terrace minaret inconsistent parts height 37 m. Bdaúr surrounds each of them three balconies, and in the center of the terrace shrine rises in the quartet form, occupies the central part of the main building of the dome, and a diameter of 17 m. And a height of 22.5 m. And each of the four facades of the building is covered with a high entrance contract, and under the grand dome above the center of the building the tomb of Princess, and to the tomb of her husband, for his part, both decorated with inscriptions written. And is one of the most beautiful Islamic architecture style models where it is known widely as "the jewel of Islamic art in India and one of the immortal masterpieces in the world." [3]

Taj Mahal is considered by many the finest examples of Mughal architecture, a style that combines the Persian architect and Turkish and Ottoman-style Indian [4] [5].

In 1983, the Taj Mahal became a UNESCO World Heritage sites. While the dome marble white is the most famous in the Taj Mahal part, which is actually an integrated complex of structures, construction began around 1632 and was completed in about 1653, and the work of the thousands of artisans. [6] The construction of the Taj principal place to a group of architects under imperial supervision, including Abd al-Karim Khan Mamour, Makramat Khan and Professor Ahmad Lahori [7] [8] [9], which is the main designer. [10]

The shrine

Taj Mahal seen from the banks of the Yamuna River.

Views from the west at sunset.

The view from the mosque.

A reflection of the Taj Mahal.

The shrine is the focus of the entire complex at the Taj Mahal, the construction of the great white marble, which stands on a square base, consisting of a symmetrical building with Ewan (which is an arch-shaped entrance topped by a large dome which is the final result, like most Mughal tombs, the basic elements are originally a Persian. large base of the building necessarily, with cubic stones form and written off the edges, taken in a form-eight unique with dimensions estimated at five and fifty meters (180 feet) on each side of the long parties, each party there is a huge entrance convex shape, framed courtyard Location Batarin similar, with balconies and arched squeezed on both sides, the idea for the doors massive convex generalized on the edges written-off area, and that makes amphidiarthrodial and symmetrical design of each building facades, four minarets surrounding the tomb, one in each corner of the Chiefs face the edges of the write-offs, places sarcophagus to my grave Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan is real; because the real graves are located in the basement.

Is a domed marble which ascend the shrine of the coolest designs ever, rising an estimated five and thirty meters (115 feet) at the base extension itself, perched on several cylinders estimated seven meters (23 feet) high, because of the shape of the dome, it was called the dome onion or name Dome Jawafah, the highest dome decorated with lotus flower shape which gives the impression of high-rise, surrounded the dome with four small domes with side protrusions, and these domes is similar to the main dome in shape and design, paralytic polio, and placed in the corners of the building columns, rules, domes four high ceiling to supply the place with light , no long Towers (Gildastas) extending from the edges of the walls of the base to give a clearer view of the high dome, the idea of ​​a lotus flower shape repeated in the designs of the towers and the bumps in the four domes, it raised the main dome and four domes in the peaks, to give a common character in the design of the Persian and Hindu traditions.

The architectural decoration originally made of gold, but has been replaced by a copy of the bronze plated with gold in the early nineteenth century. This add-on is a clear example of the merger between the decoration elements of traditional Persian and Hindu and decking.

Overlies these ornaments Hilal limbs facing the sky is purely an Islamic banner. Because Crescent tapered top of the main site, the parties to Crescent with architectural decoration Almstdq head together form the shaft with three heads seem to signal to the traditional symbol of Hindu gods Shiva. [6]

Lighthouses show (minarets) and higher than 40 meters (130 feet) mi designed for parity. The minarets are designed -the essential element in Almsagd- to be effective minarets used muezzin to call them Muslims to prayer.

Divided every minaret actually into three equal parts Bashrvatan Ttoqan tower. At the top of the tower balcony surmounted by a dome winged design reflects the others on the shrine.

All domes winged elements involved in the decking are on a lotus flower shape topped with a gold-plated architectural decoration. Shortly lighthouses were built outside the boundaries of the shrine so that if it happened and fell lighthouses (and this established procedure for the high buildings then), the debris will fall away from the shrine.

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Leaning Tower of Pisa

Leaning Tower of Pisa

Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa) is the Italian city of Pisa Cathedral bell tower, was supposed to be a tower vertically but began to tilt rod after construction began in August 1173 m shortly. Located next to the Cathedral of Pisa "Square miracles" piazza dei Miracoli.

Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy in Tuscany in the state, began construction in 1173 AD, and its construction lasted 199 years, known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa to the presence of Milan and its deviation from the vertical plane. Consists of eight floors built of white marble Roman-style, up 56.2 meters and has a built inside the walls staircase consists of 300 degrees, (currently equipped with a lift).

Tendency is clearly visible as is about 18 feet (tilt more than five degrees), and it is said that the reason for this inclination is looseness in the building and landing on the soil of the tower. This inclination emerged since the early stages of building the tower, but the architects have continued to build on the basis of the same inclination, and in 1275 AD, when they were building the fourth and fifth periodic reports of the tower tried Architects move the weight of the tower center to avoid Milan, but it seems they did not succeed, so, so now underway Attempts to stop the inclination and by establishing a dolly trusses. Since 1990, in the last century closed the tower to prevent tourists from climbing it fair to collapse at any moment. Height of the tower is 56.2 meters above the ground. Its mass is estimated at 14,500 tons. The current tendency is estimated at 5.5 degrees, and the tower 294 degrees.

Has been associated with the famous Leaning Tower of Italian Galileo Galilei Galileo in the world and experience on the ground to accelerate.

History

The start of the establishment of the tower in August 8, 1173 AD. After the construction of the third floor in 1178, Finance tower and stopped the construction work of the century. In 1272 AD, were an additional four-storey building with a view to modifying the angle of inclination. Business and stopped again in 1301. In 1372 another built decks and put the bell in the tower.

There is disagreement about the identity of the architect who built the Leaning Tower of Pisa. For years, the Bonanno Pisano is the architect who built, a well-known artist of the twelfth century of Pisa, famous bronze his works, especially in the Cathedral of Pisa. Construction of the tower, which start in 1174 by Bonanno Pisano, and was completed after a long pause at the hands of Giovanni Pisano was in the second half of the fourteenth century by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano.

Told that the Galileo Galilei dropped two balls (cannon) women with different blocks of the tower to demonstrate that their fall speed does not depend on Ktlhma. This story, although it is on the lips of a pupil of Galileo, is considered wrong broadly.

Benito Mussolini ordered that the tower be returned to the horizontal position, and was pouring cement foundations. The result was unexpected and made the tower dive more into the soil.

During World War II, the US military destroyed all the towers in Pisa almost, for fear of the possibility of snipers in the towers. The bombing of the Leaning Tower planned as well; but the decision came at the last minute to pull the tower saved from destruction.

On February 27, 1964, the Italian government asked for assistance to prevent the tower from falling. Was appointed a multilateral group of engineers, mathematicians and historians gathered at the Azores Islands to discuss how to install it. After several decades of research and work on the subject, has been closed the tower to visitors in January 1990. After a decade of correction and stabilization efforts have been re-open the doors to visitors on December 15, 2001. Many of the roads proposal to install the tower, including the addition of 800 metric tons of lead counterbalance compared to the high side or the base of the tower. The ultimate solution to correct inclination was removed 38 cubic meters of soil from under the high end of the base of the tower. The tower was declared "stable" for the next three hundred years at least. At least two people jumped from the tower using umbrellas (parachute) are Mike McCarthy in the August 5, 1988 and (Boston Globe on August 6, 1988) and Arne Arthus on February 1, 2000.

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El Jem

El Jem

El Jem Jem or theater, named Roman Colosseum Tisdros Colosseum Thysdrus, named in some ancient Arabic writings Palace Priestess, a theater archaeological located in El Jem (Tisdros Thysdrus in the Roman era) in the state of Mahdia in Tunisia. Incorporated in 1979 on the list of World Heritage sites by UNESCO. [1] is located under the turf Roacan connected by light from the hole in the middle of the ring. There were also two openings on both sides of the ring to raise monsters (from the black and the like) and wrestlers (of prisoners of war and Almottagdin), where the beasts and gladiators are secured in a room under the ring. Jem was held in a theater, in the Roman era, wrestlers beasts and gladiators fighting and racing vehicles, where the people and the nobles Romanians sit to watch such reviews. [2]

Became El Jem, currently, Rkha to famous artists and international musicians, will be played annually festivals and concerts for the world's most important teams, especially those teams symphonie and jazz.

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Forest Ain Draham

Forest Ain Draham

AED was appointed one of the cities of the Republic of Tunisia, located in the state of Jendouba in the northwest region, a COR Center. Located in the north-west of Tunisia. Eye dirhams a city in the state of Jendouba and the third most important tourist site in the state after the coastal city of Jendouba and Tabarka city center of the state

Limiting the province of Ain Draham both Fernana province in the south and north of Tabarka and Bta east and west Algeria

City and 1,000 meters above sea level rise and the snow cover all winter mountains north-west and has recorded eye dirhams a record in Tunisia in terms of the thickness of the snow, which reached nearly two meters in 2005 and buried large parts of the city under the snow

The most beautiful part is in the eye of dirhams in villages adjacent to the beautiful mountains and attached homes in the dense forests of chrome mountain peaks and pine trees and cork oak and beech.

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Tundra

Tundra

Called cold tundra, desert also, this region accounts for about 10-20% of the land area and are concentrated in the northern hemisphere. This area is characterized by severely in climatic conditions where temperatures drop to rates of up to (-40) degrees Celsius almost, and the soil in this area is poor and often have slightly soluble soil thickness and rarely more than 30 cm.

Are located in this region Kalohnat some plants (lichens) and grass and plants that do not dwarf willows rise more than 7 cm, and there may be some shrubs that reach a height of nearly a meter.

The animals include deer and reindeer and musk ox and wolves and foxes and some rodents and in the summer migratory animals Kwazz exist and ducks, and there are penguins and seals.

And the Tundra is the Russian word called by the Arctic Circle and plants following the taiga north. The tundra is not found only in the northern hemisphere. And launches naming Tundra on a fourteen vital areas on the surface of the earth, given to outstanding ecosystem to a unique vegetable layer. They form a circle around the pole with an area of ​​eight million square kilometers exceed the equivalent of six percent of the land which is characterized by long Bashtaúha bitter cold and warm summers short.

Being in the Tundra a number of major rivers such as Bchura and up and forget and Lena in Siberia and the River Mackenzie in Canada these rivers and freeze about six months or more and begin the ice to melt in May or June and lead solubility usually to flooding as the effusion of rivers in the Arctic Ocean prevents disposal Supreme normalcy which melt at a time when the sewage be the minimum is still frozen and all these rivers teeming with fish, which play an important role in the lives of these poor actors

Population Tundra

And live Tundra different elements are all a little number in American Eskimos live illusion folk Ssahelaon get their power from the sea in general and in Tundra Eurasia live Lapps groups in Sweden and in Norway and live elements Alawstiak beyond the Ural Mountains and other groups such as Alaurak and Aljkot and Asamoad. He thinks that some of these groups of Mongol origin, but there is a large mixing them and all of them live in conditions similar life.

Plants

We find many plants, it is the south to the north, we find types of Elsafsafaat including what is Kazmi, as we find trees such as bars and Saadiyat Aloslaat, right down to the ranges in which the plants are an algae and lichen. It should be noted that all these plants have slow growth by virtue of the harsh climatic conditions.

Animals

Animals that live in this vital area be thick fur or feathers and white in the winter, is also characterized by the presence of a large lipid layer to protect them from the cold. It is a species of bird find album called Bboum (Harfang) and Grouse, one of the migratory birds. On the other animals we find Canadian elk in North America, Eurasia and reindeer, and cow AKB. As carnivores, we find the white bear, wolves, foxes, polar. The partly their own food in small rodents called for Moss. In the short Arctic summer, grow insects such as mosquitoes.

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Amazon Forest

Amazon Forest

Amazon in Brazil is located in the continent is the Amazon lung forest land breathe through which they are the forest pristine continent Alomrakih.aijeri currently abused blatant on these forests where they are scraping and cutting unfair to trees and plants to be converted into highways, housing and cities not to mention the drug cultivation in the establishment of laboratories manufacturing and conversion of these drugs to be smuggled into the poisons all over the world through the dangerous gangs with the help of some of the rulers and the World dictatorships.

She is currently exposed to the risk, the scientists from Brazil and the United States said that Alajtthathat posed to the Amazon jungle larger than had been envisaged by about 60 percent.

And the team completed a study using more sophisticated than its predecessors based on satellite images, enabling him to capture human activities techniques did not monitor possible before

Traditional images did not show some aspects of the problem Kkon loggers choose high-value trees Khger mahogany.

Researchers have used the American Space Agency NASA resources. The study concluded that the areas that were destroyed from the rain forests in the Amazon between 1999 and 2002 more than expected in thousands of square kilometers.

The study also says that the amount of carbon generated by human activities in the Amazon, the largest at 25 percent, which is enough to contribute to global warming.

Brazilian officials praised the study for being highlighted on the selection of trees without the other, but they said that these figures hard to believe.

He claims to businessmen who take advantage of Amazon timber to cut trees and leave the other less harmful to the environment, but environmentalists say the attainment of high quality trees requires the construction of roads and bring in heavy equipment to the heart of the forest 2.

Also, the latest worst drought in more than 40 years, damage to the largest rainforest in the world and lit fires in the Amazon River Basin and wounded residents of areas bordering on the river because of disease contamination of drinking water has also led to the deaths of millions of fish due to drought tables.

He Donisvaldo Mendonca da Silva angler aged 33 years, "the terrible thing for us is that all these fish have died and when the water returns there will not be any of them."

Declared governor of the state of Amazonas state of crisis in the 16 municipalities where the impact of the ongoing drought two months ago, the residents of areas bordering on the river who can no longer find food or sell crops

And sheds some scientists blame on the degree of high ambient temperature due to global warming, which is also linked to a series of unusual destructive hurricanes of the United States and Central America hit recently.

Some scientists say that the high air in the north Atlantic, which fuels storms may cause air drop over theAmazon and prevent the formation of clouds and precipitation

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Rainforest

Rainforest

Rain forests are forests characterized by abundant rainfall, with determining the minimum standard definitions for annual rainfall between 1750 mm and 2000 mm. The rain by a large number of high-dominated forest trees usually warm weather, accompanied by copious rainfall to the extent of up to more than one inch per day with some rain forests.

Whereabouts

These forests are found in the tropics between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer, and the temperature increases in these areas as a result of the intensity of the sun out, these forests are also found in the continents of Africa from Cameroon to Republic of Congo, many South-East Asian regions of Myanmar to Andenossia New Guinea , north and east of the continent of Australia, Central and South America and some parts of the United States America. The Amazon basin is the largest in size in the world, and some of the country has vast tracts of them, such as:

The geographical distribution of rainforest around the world

Brazil

Democratic Republic of Congo

Peru

Indonesia

Colombia

Papua New Guinea

Venezuela

Bolivia

Mexico

Suriname

Bhutan

Population

Amazon River passes through the rainforest

Live rainforest different tribes, depend mainly on the conditions surrounding them for food, shelter and treatment, but may have been displaced, mostly because of colonialism or force governments to change their style of living.

Although affected by the civilized world around them, the Amazon remains the largest strongholds of these tribes so far, Most Americans Indians are still using traditional ways of fishing, gathering and harvesting of crops, such as bananas, cassava, rice, Kmaystkhaddmon modern like much, blood and metal pots means, also have a good knowledge of plants Medical suitable for the treatment of diseases.

Most indigenous forest peoples in Africa, so-called dwarfs, often taller than five feet, where their size Zial helps them to move freely through the woods no more.

The floor of the rainforest

Tree crown cover leaves remain on the ground, making it often dark and damp, and the forest floor decomposition process occurs, a process carried out by Alkaúnt analyst Kalaftriaat and microscopic organisms to divide and break down dead plants or animals, to re-configure the necessary foodstuffs.

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Chihuahua desert

Chihuahua desert

Desert Alchioawih [1] (English: The Chihuahuan Desert) is a desert located on the US-Mexican border, an area of more than 360 thousand square kilometers, the largest deserts of the continent after the desert of the Great Basin and covers anything from Texas and Arizona, as well as the state of New Mexico, rises this desert above the surface of the sea an average of 600 meters to 1,600 meters, the highest of the Sonoran Desert, located west of summer temperatures in this desert between 35-40 ° C and the rate of precipitation where the snick monsoon and approximately 250 ml per year.

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Mojave Desert

Mojave Desert

Mojave Desert (in English: Mojave Desert) is located on an area of 57,000 square kilometers in the western United States, the bulk of the Desert in California and smaller parts are located in the states of Utah, Nevada and Arizona, also known as the high desert.

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Sonora Desert

Sonora Desert

Sonora Desert is a desert located on the US-Mexican border occupies parts of California and Arizona in the United States and the Federated States of Sonora and Baja California and Sinaloa in Mexico, an area of ​​this desert more than 300 thousand square kilometers and lush plants, cactus, called this desert as well as the desert Allowatih Unlike the high desert for which is desert Mujev and also called desert generation rate Gila River.

This desert is divided into Dzein:

Big-called Colorado Desert

Little called desert days

And full of this desert environmental diversity where abounds including Arvo 60 species of mammals and 350 species of birds and 20 species of amphibians and more than a hundred creepy and also 30 indigenous species of fish, as well as two thousand original plant and the reason for this biodiversity is the abundance of rain on this desert Htolha where nearly 380 mL rate for each year, making it wetter deserts as a whole.

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Grand Desert Africa

Grand Desert Africa

Sahara is desert occupies the greater part of North Africa, the largest deserts warm in the world with an are

exceeds the 9 million square kilometers, and frequently oases presence in this desert Examples are oases of Kharga, Dakhla and Farafra and Siwa marine oasis in Egypt, as well as an oasis of Kufra and Jaghbub Libya Oasis Salah and Touggourt Algeria and frequently also by oil fields such as: El Alamein, Razzaq, Maliha, or blessing, Abu Gharadig Egypt and the hopes and Congratulations and Zaltan and Gallo and pit oasis in Libya and was appointed Amnas and Scorpio harsh and Hassi Messaoud and seven Reggane in Algeria.

The limits of this desert north Atlas mountain range which is about Celestine replay of the mountains Ihsran their range of high plateaus most famous plateau Ctoot Algeria and Alslstan fully to Tell Atlas north is desert and the Atlas desert south lies the Atlas mountain range north-west of the Sahara and there are also a set of sporadic mountains like Green Mountain, Libya and the mountains of Kordofan and Darfur, western Sudan.

This desert and includes a ten countries: Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, Chad, Mali, Niger, Eritrea and shove this desert world's longest river (Nile) Broalfdh They (the Damietta branch - Rosetta Branch - White Nile - Blue Nile - Atbara -allsoppat) as well as the Senegal River . And flanked the Sahara from the north-west of the mountain, the Mediterranean and the Green Mountain in Libya and the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and is considered the population Alibdarna area of ​​the most important people who have experience in the desert and walk them large sold in the definition of the most important milestones in them.

Covering 10 sub-Saharan countries is very vast tracts: Algeria, Libya

Egypt

Tunisia

Morocco

Mauritania

Financial

Sudan

Niger

Chad

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Dubai

Emirate of Dubai 

Emirate of Dubai (pronounced locally literary) is one of the emirates of the United Arab Emirates, Dubai is the second largest emirate in the Union after the Emirate of Abu Dhabi with an area of ​​4,114 km 2, which is equivalent to approximately 5% of the UAE space.

The number of 2.262 million residents of the emirate's largest Emirate populous in the UAE Federation of whom 214,000 citizens and the rest of the foreigners, equivalent to 9.5% of the total population. Dubai challenge each of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in the West and the emirate of Sharjah in the east, and is considered the economic capital of the United Arab Emirates, has evolved considerably over the past years. Free and active in the emirate's economy and the lack of a tax system played a major role in attracting investors from all over the world. The emirate of Dubai is located between Abu Dhabi and Sharjah.

Characterized by the emirate of Dubai that the economic income does not depend on oil revenues primarily unlike the rest of the Arab Gulf states, where Dubai's economy depends on trade, real estate, financial services and also on tourism. Oil and gas make up 6% of the total economy. Brought great economic and construction boom in the emirate of Dubai international fame to the world occupies a prominent place.

History

Al Fahidi Fort is the oldest building in Dubai, which was built in 1799, a new wing of the Dubai Museum

Directorate-Ras in Deira years sixties

We can say that the establishment of Dubai back to the thirties of the nineteenth century (particularly in 1833) [2] [3] when he settled nearly 800 people belonging to the Bani Yas tribe, led by the Al Maktoum at the creek area. The creek at the time is a natural port for the region, which later led to the emergence of Dubai as a hub for fishing and pearl trade.

With the beginning of the twentieth century was a popular port of Dubai, Dubai's total population was about 20,000 people, and the form of residents Menhm.obad the discovery of oil in the quarter 1966 rate, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, worked on oil imports and investment in infrastructure for the development of Dubai. So, the construction of schools, hospitals and roads. And laid the foundations of that period in modern communications network and transport, has also been in the custody of the construction of the building and the Port novice at Dubai International Airport has been the development of the runway to accommodate all types of aircraft. [4]

Geography

Climate

Dubai's climate is characterized by very hot. Summer in Dubai is extremely hot, and the wind is saturated with moisture, with high average temperatures during the day to 40 degrees (104 degrees Fahrenheit) and landing at night to about 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit). Most sunny days throughout the year. Winter warm with average temperatures 24 degrees Celsius (73 degrees Fahrenheit) during the day and 14 ° C (57 ° F) at night. However, it has been increasing in the last few decades of accumulated rainfall of up to 150 mm (5.91 inches) per year.

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Madrid

Madrid

Madrid (Spanish: Madrid) - continued Islamic renamed Arabic -mejry Algeled- and then turned to -mejrat [citation needed] the capital of the Kingdom of Spain and its largest city [1] has a population of 3.2 million inhabitants (January 2011), and up the population with the suburbs to 6.54 million people. Area of ​​the city 607 square kilometers (234 sq mi). [2] The city on the banks of the Manzanares River and is located in the center of Spain, Madrid is considered the fourth largest city in the European Union after Paris and London and Berlin. The headquarters of the Spanish government and the royal family and the country's most important companies and six public universities and many other higher education institutions. Madrid is considered one of the most important cities of Europe strategically, culturally and economically. It is the fourth largest city in terms of the number of tourists in Europe and the first in Spain and the total number of tourists who host city of nearly seven million tourists in 2006. It is the World Organization for International Tourism Exhibition headquarters and Tourism (FITUR).

It also includes the city Museo del Prado and Real Madrid soccer famous, as well as the seat of government, and the parliament of Spain, and the ministries, institutions and agencies, and how the official residence of the kings of Spain. [3] and Mayor Anna Botaaa centrist People's Party, the right of the party in the office of 2011.

Because of economic output, and standard of living, and market size, Madrid is considered a major financial center in the Iberian Peninsula, as found by the main headquarters for the vast majority of the largest Spanish companies, additional to that Madrid is the headquarters of the three major companies of the 100 largest companies in the world (Telefonica, Repsol - YPF, Endesa). [4]

Madrid possesses a modern infrastructure, has maintained the look and feel of many of the historic neighborhoods and streets. Madrid landmarks include the huge Royal Palace of Madrid and the Teatro Real (Royal Theatre) 1850 Opera House and Garden Bowen Retiro - founded in 1631 - and the library Aloutnah- which was founded in 1712 - and a group of historical archives in Spain. And three Museums of Art: Prado Museum, which contains one of the finest art collections in the world, and the National Museum of Queen Sofia Trade Center, and the Museum of Modern - Madrid Art, and the Museum Thyssen-Bornmistha. [5]

Madrid are located in the heart of Spain in the historical region of Castile and located the Sierra de Guadarama mountain range in the north west of the city, rising up the mountains of the Sierra de Guadarama to 2.429 meters above sea level in Benyyalara summit. And on the east valley Henares, through which the land routes and railways linking Madrid and Barcelona, ​​Zaragoza. And 50 km south of Madrid almost no ancient capital of the Kingdom of Castile and the mother city of Madrid is the city of Toledo.

Etymology

There are several theories as to why the origin of the name "Madrid". According to legend, the foundations of Madrid is Oknu Bijanor Ocno Bianor son of King Tarios Tyrrhenius of Tuscany, and the city of Mantua was Mitrokhirta "Metragirta" or "Mantua" name.

Some are likely to be the original name of the city Oursaraa "Ursaria" ("land of bears" in Latin), the high number of bears in the neighboring forests, tree with berries (in Spanish: madroño, Madru), symbol of the city from the Middle Ages. [6]

Now known that the origin of the name Madrid came from the second century BC, and was built in Romania Empire settlement on the banks of the Manzanares River. The first name of the village was matress "Matrice" the name of the river. After the invasions of Alsoyves Vandals and Teutons, and Alans during the fifth century AD, the Romanian Empire was unable to defend its territory in the Iberian Peninsula, and therefore dominated by Guth Western | Western Jawt.

Iberian and change the name Mejrat, from the Arabic term for the course and Roman Ibero-Oat sense of "place". Name the modern "Madrid" evolved from Madrid Almzarba Metrat Mozarabic "Matrit."In the seventh century, Muslims dominated the peninsula

History

Madrid is considered compared with other European capitals recent City, where traces its foundation to between 852 and 886 when ordered Muhammad first Emir of Cordoba built a small palace is located in the place of the royal palace present in Madrid, and this is the first historical record of the existence of stability in Madrid history of Islamic period. [7] and was founded for the purpose of making it a staging ground for raids against the Christian kingdoms in the north.

The surrounding area was named the "Mejrat" any sewer or water source. The place was inhabited by Muslims, a minority of Jews and Christians, and during this period the back of the mixing between the two Asami very similar places: European, matrice, meaning 'source', and other Arab, Majrà, meaning 'channel' or from the river. Both names refer to the abundance of streams and groundwater at the site.

Born in Madrid in the tenth century Muslim Abu al-Qasim bin Ahmed Elmejraiti who earned the nickname "Euclid Andalusian", the founder of astronomy and mathematics in Cordoba School. [8]

The transfer of the Spanish State Parliament in 1561, and later the residence of the king in 1588 from the city of Toledo to Madrid by Philip II. Madrid then considered the capital of Spain and began to grow and rise to take its place as the most important city in the country. Between 1701 and 1713 broke the Spanish Succession Wars, in which several European parties disputed rule on the eligibility of Spain after the death of King Charles II of Spain. Which dominated the British and Portuguese on the city in 1706 as the French dominated the Madrid between 1808 and 1813, while at the time of Joseph brother of Napoleon Bonaparte declared the king of Spain. The French demolished a number of churches and even entire neighborhoods of Madrid to impose their authority and to find a place to Mnciathm. The people of Madrid rebelled in the May 2, 1808 against the occupier and right after that most of the large Spanish cities. Crashes shops and official departments now in Madrid on this day to commemorate the revolution.

Between 1833 and 1876 broke Castilian wars and contributed to a cholera epidemic and the elimination of many of the residents of Madrid in the same period. First Republic in the country in the city, announced in 1873 by the dictator Emilio Castellar and later in 1923 by Gen. [Miguel Primo de Rivera. Announced the Second Republic in Madrid April 14, 1931. broke the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939 Madrid where under Republican control until March 28, 1939. It was contributed German and Italian warplanes to bomb it widely during the war, where he was the two countries support the nationalists led by General Franco against Republicans . Franco was able to impose its control over the city and the country, and he reigned until 1975 and Madrid in this period witnessed significant growth. Workers and students organized a series of strikes in the late sixties and early seventies.

Order Franco things after his death for the return of democratic life and the inauguration of King Juan Carlos I on the throne of the country, and actually it was in 1975 when Franco died. Some military officers organized a military coup called (23-P) in the February 23, 1981, which threatened to re-democratization of the political system of the Spanish process but soon things coup failed and returned to the course. Madrid announced in 1992 as the cultural capital of Europe.

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Cairo

Cairo

Cairo is the capital of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the most important cities at all, has a population of Cairo city of 7,787,000 people, according to 2007 statistics, representing 10.73% of the total population of Egypt, while the Greater Cairo's population of 20 million and a half people. Inhabited by more than a quarter of the population of Egypt's population of at home and abroad 91 million and 475 thousand and 426 people, according to census 2012 [1], and up population density to over 15 thousand people per square kilometer, and named after a historical name of the city of a thousand minarets of the many mosques.

Founded by several cities and to be the capital, the commander Muizz to open the Cairo after he founded the Fatimid state, has been the essence of Sicilian year 358 AH (969 AD) built a wall around the three cities and the designation of the three cities of Cairo, and includes the city of Cairo Fustat, founded by Amr ibn al-Aas year 20 AH, the city founded by the military in favor of Ben Ali Abbasi year 132 AH, and the city Alktaea founded by Ahmed Ibn Tulun in 256 AH, in addition to the neighborhoods that have occurred after the reign of Saladin, yet.

Cairo is the largest city in Africa and the most populous in Africa and the Middle East. It is the city of the province, that is, they occupy the entire area of ​​the province and one city, and at the same time a large city constitute the province alone. Despite being the largest city, but it is one of the smallest provinces of Egypt as mayor. There is also what is known as the Greater Cairo, a semi-official administrative entity includes in addition to the city / town of Giza governorate of Cairo and some of its suburbs and Shubra of Assiut governorate in addition to the former provinces of Helwan and Sixth of October

History

I knew the name of the Pharaonic era of the turnoff to the beautiful port city of the sun and its suburb (hieroglyphs: Online and in Greek: Heliopolis). And is the capital of unified Egypt since King Narmer alone since 3200 years BC. For different periods of time, but since the opening of the Arabs to Egypt led by Amr ibn al-Aas, a capital.

Night Portrait of Saladin Citadel in ancient Egypt

The city of Cairo from more Middle cities which accounted for writing and history where dubbed "Jewel of the East", since the age of Cairo more than a thousand years much, Vhoahid history confirms that the place of this city was the capital of Egypt for most of its history, in the extended across about 20 centuries Cairo was in the broad sense is the capital of Egypt, with some making Cairo the capital due to the year 98 AD, when the sons of Babylon, which are remnants still exist yet fort and when Amr ibn al-Aas came to open Egypt established a new capital Fustat near the fort, then established the city of the military that followed herds as the capital of the state Tulunid in Egypt, and Cairo has established in the era of the Fatimid Caliph al-Muizz, which still bears the same name until today.

Some famous names to Cairo: city of a thousand minarets (so called ancient travelers to the large number of mosques built in) and the city of Egypt unguarded and Islamic Cairo.

Geography

Cairo is located on the sides of the Nile River Islands in the north of Egypt, immediately southeast of the point where the Nile River valley and leaves confined to the desert divided into two branches in the Nile Delta region low.

The oldest part of the city is located east of the river. There, the city publishes the west gradually, and built this western part of the city of Paris model by the ruler of Egypt Khedive Ismail in the middle of the nineteenth century, which featured extensive neighborhoods, public parks, and open areas. The older eastern section of the city differed greatly after the expansion randomly over the centuries, and is filled with small roads and buildings crowded. While filled with western Cairo government by buildings and modern architecture, and became the most important part of Cairo, while the eastern half is which contains the city's history over the centuries because there its mosques and churches Vintage and buildings relics and ancient landmarks, with the knowledge that there Oriental expansions also after the ancient city and an example on the Nasr City district, which is considered one of the most important, the largest and most expensive neighborhoods in Cairo.

And comprehensive water systems also allowed the city eastward expansion into the desert, and there are bridges linking the Nile Islands Bashatrih east and west to Giza, and where there are many government buildings and offices of government officials, expressing bridges Nile is also a link to the city on the outskirts of Giza and Imbaba (part of Greater Cairo).

West Giza - in the desert - no part of Memphis, the ancient cemetery on the Giza plateau where the Pyramids of Giza and the three Sphinx, and just 11 miles (18 km) south of Cairo, the modern site of the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis and the cemetery adjacent to the Saqqara, and these cities, and other previous cities located anywhere Cairo City.

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London

London

 (It was further to Onders [2] and the scarcity and Nedra) is the capital of the United Kingdom and its largest city. Located on the River Thames in southern England. Live in the city of about 8.4 million people, of whom about 2.7 in London inner neighborhoods. With a population of 15,010,295 inhabitants with its suburbs in 2012, making it the largest city in the European Union (Europe without Russia and Turkey) and one of the most important political, economic and cultural centers. The form of the current administrative division of London on April 1, extension 1965 with the founding of the Great London. The city has a large number of universities, colleges, museums and theaters. Many international organizations and international companies of the city also headquartered, and specifically the original city «City of London» separately administered for most areas of the capital.

Areas of London

London is divided into a number of administrative regions called «London Boroughs» North London:

City of London (the original)

Barking and Dagenham

Barnet

Brent

Camden

Ealing

Enfield

Hackney

Hammersmith and Fulham

Harnga

Harrow

Havring

Hlinden

London Borough of Hounslow

Knzintn and Chelsea

Newham

Rdbrigg

Tower Hamlets

And Althm Forest

Westminster

South London:

Peixla

Bromley

Croydon

Greenwich

Kingston

Lambeth

Lewisham

Martin

Richmond

Sadhirk

Sutton

And Andzorth

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Paris

Paris

(in French: Paris) is the capital of France and the largest city in terms of population. Located on the banks of the Seine River in the northern part of the country in the heart of the Ile-de-France region. An estimated population of 2243833 in 2010 only within the administrative scope, while more than the population of the city with its suburbs, about 12 million people.

Paris has been an extremely important area for more than two thousand years [4], and with the beginning of the twelfth century, Paris became a European science, arts and the largest city in the Western world center until the early eighteenth century. Paris was the scene of many important throughout history, such as the French Revolution political events. At present, they are considered one of the largest of Iiother economic and cultural centers is important in politics, science, entertainment, media, fashion and the arts, making it one of the world's major cities. In 2011, the GDP of the city of 607 billion euros (845 billion dollars), one of the largest local outputs of the cities in the world. Paris is one of the world's leading tourist destinations and is the headquarters for most of the French companies.

Paris has a variety of museums, theaters and monuments that were built over the centuries, such as the Eiffel Tower and the Arc de Triomphe and the Louvre Museum and the Palace of Versailles. Paris is one of the largest art centers in the world, its proximity to a large number of museums, which includes paintings by leading international artists. The kitchen of the city's international reputation, where attracts chefs in the world. Includes Paris and its suburbs, the most prestigious French schools and universities, also contains the headquarters of the largest French newspapers, such as Le Monde, though Figaro and Liberation.

Paris is the headquarters of the club Paris Saint-Germain football, where there is also France stadium built to host the FIFA World Cup 1998. The city also hosts the tournament at Roland Garros Football Almdharb.taatmaz Paris diversity of transportation and quality. The city contains the two major international airports are Charles de Gaulle International Airport and Paris Orly. Paris Metro, who served in 1900- opened about 9 million passengers daily.

Population

Number of residents of Paris (1800-2008).

The number 2234105 residents of Paris, according to the statistics of 2009. [76] rose to 2243833 in 2010. [2] but it's still far away somewhat from the historical peak reached by the city's population in 1921, while the number reached more than 2.9 million people. [ 77] the most important factors that led to the decline in the population of the city was a significant drop in the Parisian family size, large immigration population that moved to the outskirts of the city in the sixties and seventies of the last century. For many reasons this migration most important decline in industrial activity and rising rental rates in the city. The decline in the number of residents of Paris and one of the largest of its kind between the cities of the world; Therefore, the city administration has sought hard to maintain the population of the French capital, and succeeded in doing so to some extent. Since July 2004, statistics showed a rise in the number of residents of the city for the first time since 1954, the rate of 2.1447 million people.

Paris is one of the more urban population density in the world. [78] The population density of the city without counting Gapti Bologna and Vansen 24 448 inhabitants / square km, according to the statistics of 1999 can not be compared to that figure, but with some major Asian cities, as well as Manhattan in New York . As with the calculation Algaptin, the population density will reach 20 169 inhabitants / square km. [76] Paris, making it the fifth-largest French municipalities intensity after Le Barre Saint Gervais, and Vincennes, and Levallois-Perry, San Mandi, note that all of these municipalities are located within the city limits .

In Paris population census in 1999, 19.4% of the population were born outside France. According to the same census, 4.2% of the population of metropolitan Paris area were immigrants novice (who emigrated between 1990-1999), mostly from Asia and Africa. Around 37% of immigrants living in France in the Paris region. [79] The first international wave of immigration began in Paris in the twenties of the nineteenth century with the arrival of German peasants fleeing from the agricultural crisis in their country. Followed by successive waves of immigration to this day represented by the Italians, the Jews of Central Europe who migrated during the nineteenth century. And then the Russians after the 1917 revolution, as well as Armenians fleeing massacres of Armenians carried out by the Ottoman Empire. [80] In the period of the First World War, thereby increasing the migration of the population of the colonies, and then the Poles in the interwar period. Followed by Spaniards and Italians and Portuguese and the inhabitants of North Africa from the fifties to the seventies of the last century. This was followed by a wave of migration of the Jews of North Africa after the independence of their country. Now the majority of immigrants from Asian and African. [81]

City of Paris is relatively young; Where, according to a survey in 2008, the proportion of the population aged less than 35 years 46%. [82], and thus higher than the national average of 41.8%. [83].

Economy

Paris is the President's economic hub in France. In 2011, the GDP was 670 billion euros (845 billion dollars), [92] and this will not be the richest regions of France, but also be the fifth largest city in the world in terms of GDP after Tokyo, New York and Los Angeles, and London; Paris, making it an engine of the global economy. If Paris was a state, was in seventeenth place in the list of the most powerful economies in the world, where the city is the largest of the Turkish economy and the Dutch economy, and asymptotic to the Indonesian economy. While the population of the Paris metropolitan area, representing 18.8% of the French population in 2011, [93], the GDP of the city, such as 31% of France output. [92] highly concentrated wealth in the outskirts of the western city, especially Neuilly-sur-Seine It is one of the richest areas of the country. [94]

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Moscow

Moscow

 (Russian: Москва, Moscow) is the capital of Russia's largest city in terms of population, and entities of the Russian Federation. Moscow politics, economy, culture and religion, finance, education and transport center in Russia, and is considered a global city. It is the seventh-largest city by population. Number of Muscovites (as of January 2010) 10,562,099 inhabitants. [1]

Located on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District in the European region of Russia. Moscow is located at the crossroads of three geological platforms. [2] Historically, the capital of the Soviet Union, and the Russian Empire (for three years from 1728 to 1730), Tsarist Russia, and the Grand Duchy of Moscow, a site Kremlin Moscow, a World Heritage Sites in the city, which serves Russian President as a home. Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) and the Russian government fall in the city as well.

Moscow is a major economic center. It contains many of the scientific and educational institutions, and many sports facilities Kzlk.fahi possesses a complex transport system includes four international airports, nine railway stations, and the subway system, the second busiest in the world (after Tokyo), which is famous for its architecture and works of art. Metro is one of the busiest subway operator of the individual in the world.

Over time, the city has gained a variety of aliases, mostly refers to its preeminent position in the life of the nation: Third Rome (Третий Рим), white rock (Белокаменная), the throne, the first (Первопрестольная), forty forty (Сорок Сороков).

Site

Satellite picture of the Moscow suburbs

Moscow city located on the outskirts of the Moscow River, which is going to more than five hundred Iklmitr through easy Eastern Europe in the middle of Russia. Forty-nine bridge cut in the river within the city limits, with many water Alqtawat. Muyco rise in the exhibition All-Russian Center, in the area where the most important branch of the weather observatory is located, is equivalent to 156 meters (512 feet). The highest point in the city are high Thblostansquia to rise 255 meters (837 feet). [14] show Moscow city from west to east equivalent to 39 g 7 kilometers (24 g 7 miles), and the length from north to south, equivalent to 51 g 7 Iklmitr (32.1 miles).

The road system in Moscow focused on the overall Akarmiln, in the heart of the city. There are ways of branching out to intersect with Daúaria ways ("shavings").

The first, and closer to the center and the main loop, Pulvarnuelh Coltso, who had his sons on the old site of the city wall of XVI, who was named Bilje Jurad century (White City). Alpulvarnuelh Kaltsu in fact not ring, it does not constitute a complete circle, but the arc that Fulbright grants from the Cathedral of Christ the Savior to Aauza River. Hear the road changed several times on his way into the city.

Preliminary second episode, which is located outside the ring Alpulvard, called Sadowsquiah Kaltsu (garden) loop. Such Alpulvard ring, ring the park take place on the old wall of the impact of the sixth century, which was the ten city. Episode III, the third episode of Transportation, work on it ended in 2003 as a way high-speed fast.

Transport fourth episode, fast another way, built at the present time in order to ease the traffic density. Beyond loop from the city center in Moscow city called Moscow ring road cars (Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога) which determines the approximate boundaries of the city. There are some roads outside the city who use the same sequence.

Architecture

Shukhov Tower in Moscow is currently under threat of demolition, and the tower at the top of the UNESCO list of buildings at risk, and there is an international campaign to save it.

High buildings in Moscow

Moscow Engineering universally known. Moscow is also famous as the location and the presence of St. Basil's Cathedral, with Kabbath a form of onions, and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and Alhqsqat seven.

For a long time, the appearance of the city was ruled by numerous Orthodox churches. City view change is large in the Soviet Aladhar, especially because of Joseph Stalin, who made a big effort to make a civilized city. He knew the city on a large main ways and methods, some of them more than ten rows, but a lot of important historical works of demolition at the same time. Tower Hucharev, and many luxury homes and shops that were on the edge of the roads, a lot of religious architecture, such as the Kazan Cathedral and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior has been demolished in the era of Stalin's rule. In the nineties Alkatdraúaatan been for their children again, despite the presence of a large amount of cash because of the high commissioning and lack of historical perspective. [19]

Architect Vladimir Shukhov was responsible for building a number of landmarks Moscow during the Soviet era early. Shukhov Tower was one of the towers is a hyperboloid designed by Huchrov, built between 1919 and 1922 tower sent to the Russian company to the media. Shukhov also left a lasting impact of the Russian Soviet. We have designed a large and long-sized stores, such as the Central Universal Store on Red Square, which Boukraún dam Maadanah innovative glass.

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